A prosthetic leg is an artificial limb designed to replace a missing lower leg, improving mobility and enabling daily activities. These devices are custom-made, often consisting of a socket, a pylon, and a prosthetic foot or knee joint. Water activities are entirely possible with a prosthetic. However, successfully swimming requires a careful understanding of the specific device used and necessary environmental considerations.
Risks and Maintenance for Everyday Prostheses
Using a daily-wear, non-waterproof prosthetic limb in the water can lead to significant and costly damage. Standard prostheses contain metal parts, such as screws, bolts, and joints, which are susceptible to corrosion and rust when exposed to moisture. This oxidation compromises the structural integrity of the limb, causing mechanical malfunctions and accelerating wear and tear.
Electronic components, particularly those found in advanced microprocessor knees and feet, are especially vulnerable to water intrusion. Devices marketed as “splash-resistant” are not designed for full submersion, and water damage to these delicate microprocessors is often irreparable. Furthermore, materials used in the socket and liner, such as certain plastics and fabrics, can absorb water. This absorption leads to stretching, deformation, and an ill-fitting device that may promote skin irritation.
If a non-aquatic limb is accidentally exposed to water, immediate and thorough maintenance is necessary to mitigate damage. The device must be rinsed immediately with fresh water to wash away corrosive elements like chlorine or salt. Following rinsing, the prosthetic needs to be completely dried, paying close attention to joints, crevices, and internal areas where moisture can linger. Liners and socks should be removed and air-dried separately overnight to ensure no moisture remains within the socket or against the skin.
Specialized Aquatic Prosthetic Options
For individuals who plan to swim regularly, investing in a specialized aquatic prosthetic limb is the recommended solution. These limbs are constructed from materials chosen for their water resistance, including high-grade titanium, anodized aluminum, and carbon fiber composites. Unlike daily-wear limbs, aquatic prosthetics often feature an open-frame design or drainage holes to prevent water from becoming trapped inside.
The feet on these specialized limbs are designed for function both in and out of the water, often featuring non-slip treads to aid in walking on wet surfaces like pool decks. Some aquatic feet have a fixed ankle position to maximize swimming efficiency. Others offer a quick-release mechanism to swap a walking foot for a fin-like attachment, such as an Amp Fin, which improves propulsion. The sockets are constructed from non-absorbent materials like polyethylene and are designed to dry quickly, maintaining a secure fit.
Above-knee amputees have access to specialized aquatic knees, such as the Ottobock X3 or similar water-friendly models, which are completely waterproof. These joints often use adjustable hydraulic or mechanical resistance to provide stability when standing or entering and exiting the pool. The design focuses on stability and corrosion resistance rather than the complex gait cycle needed for walking, offering a durable solution for frequent aquatic activity.
Safety and Mobility Considerations in the Water
Navigating the environment around the water presents distinct safety challenges for prosthetic users. Pool decks and changing room floors are often slippery, increasing the risk of falls. Using a prosthetic foot with robust non-slip treads or wearing appropriate water shoes is important. Careful attention must be paid when transferring in and out of the water, utilizing handrails or assistance until balance is secured.
Once submerged, the natural buoyancy of water interacts with the prosthetic limb, altering the user’s balance and movement. A prosthetic leg is typically less dense than a biological limb, which can cause it to float or feel lighter than expected. This requires the user to modify their swimming technique to maintain a stable stroke. Conversely, a heavier, non-aquatic limb may cause the leg to sink, disrupting the body’s horizontal position.
The residual limb’s skin requires specialized attention when exposed to water, as constant moisture and friction can lead to irritation and breakdown. Chlorine and saltwater are harsh on the skin and prosthetic materials, making it necessary to rinse both the limb and the skin thoroughly with fresh water immediately after swimming. Proper care, including ensuring the residual limb and the prosthetic liner are completely dry before re-donning the device, helps prevent fungal growth and skin maceration.