Hydrogen peroxide is a common household chemical used for cleaning or as a mild antiseptic. Despite its widespread availability, it is not intended for internal consumption and can be highly dangerous if swallowed. The potential for harm varies with the concentration and amount ingested.
The Immediate Dangers of Ingestion
When swallowed, hydrogen peroxide rapidly decomposes in the stomach into water and oxygen gas. This reaction, catalyzed by enzymes like catalase, causes severe physical damage. Immediate effects include significant irritation and corrosion of tissues in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, cramping, and vomiting, sometimes with blood.
The rapid generation of oxygen gas can painfully distend the stomach, causing bloating and belching. In severe cases, this pressure risks rupturing internal organs. A serious complication is the formation of gas embolisms, where oxygen bubbles enter the bloodstream and travel to vital organs. These bubbles can block blood vessels, potentially leading to life-threatening conditions such as heart blockages, strokes, or lung damage, with symptoms including chest pain, difficulty breathing, confusion, or loss of consciousness.
Understanding Varying Concentrations and Risks
Hydrogen peroxide is available in various concentrations, and the severity of harm upon ingestion directly correlates with this. Common household hydrogen peroxide is typically 3% hydrogen peroxide and 97% water. While this diluted form can cause nausea, vomiting, and stomach irritation, its effects are generally less severe than higher concentrations.
Higher concentrations, such as 6% to 10% found in hair bleaches or 35% labeled “food grade” hydrogen peroxide, pose significantly greater risks. The “food grade” label is misleading, as this concentration is extremely dangerous if swallowed. One milliliter of 35% hydrogen peroxide can release ten times more oxygen gas than 3% hydrogen peroxide, leading to more severe corrosive damage, internal bleeding, and a higher likelihood of life-threatening gas embolisms. Industrial strengths, up to 90%, are even more hazardous and can cause rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory paralysis if ingested.
Debunking Misconceptions About Internal Use
Despite clear dangers, persistent misconceptions exist about the internal use of hydrogen peroxide, often promoted as a cure for various ailments. These unproven claims suggest it can act as a detoxification agent, immune booster, or even a treatment for serious conditions like cancer or HIV. Such claims lack scientific evidence and are considered dangerous by medical professionals.
The human body possesses natural detoxification systems, including the liver and kidneys, which do not require hazardous interventions like ingesting hydrogen peroxide. Some research indicates that cancer cells can produce their own hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that introducing more into the body could be counterproductive. Relying on these unscientific practices can lead to severe injury or death, diverting individuals from effective, evidence-based medical treatments.
Safe and Appropriate Uses
While internal consumption of hydrogen peroxide is unsafe, it has many legitimate external applications. Household 3% hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a topical antiseptic for cleaning minor cuts and scrapes, though some medical guidelines suggest it may irritate or damage cells necessary for healing. It is also an effective disinfectant for cleaning surfaces, eliminating bacteria and other pathogens.
Hydrogen peroxide is an ingredient in some dental products, such as teeth whitening solutions and mouthwashes, at specific, safe concentrations. These applications are designed for external or superficial use and are not meant to be swallowed. Beyond household and personal care, hydrogen peroxide is used extensively in various industrial processes, including bleaching paper and textiles, due to its strong oxidizing properties.
Emergency Response for Ingestion
If someone has swallowed hydrogen peroxide, immediate medical attention is necessary. Call poison control or emergency services right away. Avoid inducing vomiting, as this can cause the corrosive substance to pass through the esophagus again, leading to further tissue damage.
When contacting emergency responders, provide as much detail as possible. This includes the person’s age and weight, the product swallowed, its concentration if known, the approximate amount ingested, and the time of ingestion. Describing any observed symptoms will help medical professionals assess the situation and determine the most appropriate course of treatment.