A pacemaker is a small, battery-operated device designed to help regulate abnormal heart rhythms. This implanted medical device generates low-energy electrical impulses that are delivered to the heart chambers to ensure the heart beats correctly. Its primary purpose is to manage the heart’s electrical signals, particularly when the natural rhythm is too slow or irregular.
What a Pacemaker Does and Doesn’t Do
A pacemaker’s main function is to monitor the heart’s electrical activity and deliver precisely timed electrical impulses. This helps to correct a slow heart rate, a condition known as bradycardia, or an irregular rhythm. The device contains a pulse generator, which houses the battery and computer circuitry, and leads that carry these electrical signals to the heart muscle.
The pacemaker acts as a synthetic rhythm generator when the heart’s natural pacemaker is not functioning properly. However, a pacemaker does not treat or prevent blockages in the coronary arteries. These blockages are the main cause of heart attacks.
Why Heart Attacks Still Occur with a Pacemaker
A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a section of the heart muscle is blocked. This blockage is most commonly caused by the buildup of fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques within the coronary arteries. These plaques can rupture, leading to the formation of a blood clot that obstructs the artery and prevents oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart tissue.
This mechanism of a heart attack is separate from the electrical rhythm problems a pacemaker treats. While a pacemaker controls heartbeats, it does not influence coronary artery health or prevent plaque formation. Therefore, individuals with pacemakers can still experience a heart attack if their coronary arteries become blocked.
Recognizing Heart Attack Symptoms with a Pacemaker
Recognizing heart attack symptoms is important, even with a pacemaker. Common symptoms include chest pain or discomfort, which may feel like pressure, tightness, or squeezing. This discomfort can spread to areas such as the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, or upper belly.
Other heart attack indicators include shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness, nausea, or a cold sweat. While a pacemaker addresses heart rhythm, it does not alter or mask these symptoms. Therefore, any unusual or persistent discomfort requires immediate medical attention.
Managing Heart Attack Risk with a Pacemaker
Managing heart attack risk involves lifestyle modifications for overall cardiovascular health, independent of pacemaker function. This includes adopting a heart-healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, while limiting saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium. Regular physical activity also reduces risk.
Controlling underlying medical conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes is also important in preventing heart attacks. Quitting smoking significantly lowers risk, as smoking promotes atherosclerosis and increases the tendency for blood clots. Regular follow-up appointments with a cardiologist are recommended to monitor cardiovascular health and manage risk factors.