An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or inside an ovary. While many believe birth control prevents all types of ovarian cysts, hormonal birth control does not offer universal protection. Cysts can still occur while on birth control, which is important for understanding ovarian health.
How Birth Control Affects Ovarian Cysts
Most hormonal birth control methods, such as pills, patches, rings, and injections, work by suppressing ovulation. Functional ovarian cysts, including follicular and corpus luteum cysts, are directly linked to this process. Follicular cysts form when a follicle grows larger but does not release an egg. Corpus luteum cysts develop after an egg is released, when the remaining follicle fills with fluid or blood. By preventing ovulation, hormonal birth control significantly lowers the chance of these functional cysts forming.
Types of Cysts Not Prevented by Birth Control
Hormonal birth control does not prevent all types of ovarian cysts. Other kinds of cysts can still develop, including:
Dermoid cysts (teratomas): Benign tumors containing various tissues like hair, skin, or teeth.
Endometriomas (“chocolate cysts”): Filled with old blood, forming when endometrial tissue grows on the ovaries.
Cystadenomas: Benign cysts growing from surface cells, filled with watery or mucus-like fluid.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder characterized by multiple small cysts on the ovaries. These are a symptom of the condition itself, not prevented by birth control in the same way functional cysts are.
Signs of an Ovarian Cyst
If an ovarian cyst develops, it can cause various symptoms, regardless of birth control use. Common signs include pelvic pain or pressure, which might feel like a dull ache or a sharp, sudden sensation. Bloating, abdominal swelling, or a feeling of fullness in the lower belly may also occur. Pain during intercourse is another possible symptom. Cysts can also press on the bladder or bowel, leading to frequent urination or difficulty emptying them.
When to Consult a Doctor
Many ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve on their own without intervention. However, certain symptoms warrant prompt medical evaluation to rule out complications. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, especially if it is accompanied by fever or vomiting. Dizziness, faintness, or rapid breathing along with pelvic pain are also signs that require urgent care. Any persistent or worsening symptoms should be discussed with a healthcare provider. A doctor can use imaging techniques like ultrasound to confirm the presence of a cyst and recommend appropriate management.