Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulls back, exposing more of the tooth or its root. While lost gum tissue does not regenerate naturally, various dental treatments can effectively restore the gum line or prevent further recession.
What Causes Gums to Recede?
Several factors contribute to gum recession. Aggressive brushing can gradually wear away gum tissue. Periodontal disease, a bacterial infection, destroys supporting bone and gum tissue, making it a common cause. Genetics also plays a role, as some individuals have a predisposition to thin gum tissue.
Poor oral hygiene, leading to plaque and tartar buildup, allows bacteria to damage gum tissue. Hormonal changes, particularly in women during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can increase gum sensitivity. Tobacco use irritates the gums, restricts blood flow, and accelerates gum disease.
Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism) can stress the gums, leading to recession. Misaligned teeth or a crooked bite can create uneven pressure, causing gums to recede. Lip and tongue piercings can also cause recession by rubbing against gum tissue.
Recognizing Gum Recession
Visible signs of gum recession include teeth appearing longer than normal. Exposed tooth roots may become noticeable, along with notches or indentations near the gum line.
Increased tooth sensitivity, especially to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks, is a frequent symptom because exposed root surfaces lack the protective enamel of the tooth crown. Pain or discomfort near the gum line may also occur. Other indicators include bleeding gums, redness, swelling, or loose teeth in advanced cases.
Treatment Options for Gum Recession
Treating gum recession involves various approaches, ranging from non-surgical methods to surgical procedures, depending on the severity and underlying causes. These treatments aim to halt further recession, reduce sensitivity, and improve the appearance of the gum line.
Non-surgical treatments address periodontal disease. Deep cleaning procedures, such as scaling and root planing, involve removing plaque and tartar buildup. This smooths root surfaces, reducing bacterial accumulation and encouraging gum reattachment. Antibiotics (topical or oral) may also be prescribed to control infection and inflammation. These interventions manage the underlying disease and prevent further recession, but do not regrow lost gum tissue.
For significant gum recession, surgical treatments are often necessary to cover exposed roots and restore the gum line. Gum grafting procedures transfer tissue to the affected area, aiming to replace lost tissue and create a more robust gum line.
Types of Gum Grafts
Connective tissue grafts take a small piece of tissue from under a flap on the roof of the mouth and stitch it over the exposed root. The free gingival graft takes tissue directly from the palate, often used when a thicker band of gum tissue is needed. A pedicle graft uses adjacent gum tissue, partially cutting and rotating it to cover the exposed root while maintaining its blood supply.
The Pinhole Surgical Technique (PST) is another option. This minimally invasive procedure uses a small pinhole and specialized instruments to gently loosen and reposition existing gum tissue over the exposed root, without traditional incisions or sutures. Collagen strips may be inserted to stabilize the tissue during healing. It often results in less discomfort and quicker recovery than traditional grafting.
Regeneration Procedures
Regeneration procedures can be performed if bone loss has occurred. This involves folding back gum tissue, cleaning the area, and applying regenerative materials (e.g., membranes, tissue-stimulating proteins) to encourage the body to rebuild lost bone and tissue.
Other interventions can complement these treatments. Dental bonding can be applied to cover exposed root surfaces, reducing sensitivity and improving aesthetics. Bonding can mask visible signs but does not correct the underlying cause. Orthodontic treatment may be considered if misaligned teeth contribute to recession. By repositioning teeth, orthodontics can reduce uneven forces and improve gum coverage, though active gum disease must be treated first.
Preventing Further Gum Recession
Preventing further gum recession involves adopting proper brushing techniques. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and apply gentle, circular strokes at a 45-degree angle to the gum line. This cleans effectively without gum trauma.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential. Dentists and hygienists remove plaque and tartar buildup that daily brushing and flossing cannot, preventing periodontal disease. These visits also allow for early detection and intervention.
Addressing teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism) can prevent gum damage. Dentists may recommend custom-fitted nightguards to protect teeth and gums. Quitting tobacco products is highly beneficial, as these substances irritate gums and hinder healing.
Maintaining good oral hygiene, including daily flossing and using an antimicrobial mouthwash, helps control bacteria and prevent plaque accumulation. A balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin C, supports healthy gums. Staying well-hydrated also promotes healthy saliva production, which has natural antibacterial properties.