Sunburn is an inflammatory reaction that occurs when ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages the DNA within skin cells. This damage triggers a defense response, resulting in redness, heat, and pain. Topical application of the right product is recommended to manage symptoms and support the body’s healing process. A soothing lotion or gel can relieve discomfort by providing moisture and a cooling sensation. However, effectiveness depends entirely on selecting a product that aids the skin rather than worsening the burn.
The Immediate Answer: Recommended Topical Relief
The primary goal of topical sunburn care is to cool the skin and restore moisture to the compromised skin barrier. Applying a gentle, water-based product helps address the dehydration that results from the burn. Frequent reapplication maintains hydration, which helps prevent the skin from drying out and peeling prematurely.
The gold standard ingredient for soothing sunburn is high-concentration aloe vera gel, known for its anti-inflammatory and cooling properties. For enhanced relief, consider chilling the product in the refrigerator before applying it. Use gentle patting motions rather than rubbing, which can further irritate the sensitive skin.
Light, water-based lotions containing humectants like glycerin or hyaluronic acid help by binding water to the outermost layer of the skin. These products offer necessary hydration without being too heavy or occlusive. For localized inflammation or itching, a nonprescription 1% hydrocortisone cream can be applied a few times a day to reduce swelling and redness.
Soy and colloidal oatmeal are recognized for their ability to relieve dryness and provide anti-inflammatory effects. Applying topical treatments while the skin is still slightly damp after a cool shower helps trap water and maximize the moisturizing effect. Consistent application of a suitable moisturizer supports skin recovery.
Ingredients and Products to Avoid
Certain ingredients can worsen a sunburn and should be avoided entirely. Products that create an occlusive barrier, such as petroleum jelly or heavy oil-based ointments, are detrimental. These substances trap the heat the burned skin is trying to release, intensifying inflammation and pain.
Many lotions and after-sun products contain ingredients that can irritate the damaged skin barrier. Products with alcohol or fragrance should be avoided because alcohol dries the skin further and fragrance can cause sensitization or irritation. The skin is weakened by UV damage, making it more susceptible to irritants.
Another category to avoid is topical anesthetics containing “caine” ingredients, such as benzocaine or lidocaine. While they offer temporary numbing, they carry the risk of causing allergic reactions or contact dermatitis. Benzocaine has also been linked to a rare condition that affects the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, so it should be used with caution.
Avoid using exfoliating products or harsh cleansers on sunburned skin, as these will physically damage the compromised top layer of skin. The goal of topical care is gentle soothing and protection, not abrasive removal of damaged tissue.
Handling Severe Sunburn and Blistering
A sunburn resulting in large, fluid-filled blisters or accompanied by systemic symptoms requires a different approach to topical care. Blisters signify a second-degree burn, meaning the damage has reached deeper layers of the skin. Intact blisters form a natural, sterile dressing that protects the underlying skin and prevents infection, so they should never be intentionally popped or picked at.
If a blister ruptures on its own, the area should be treated as an open wound to prevent infection. Gently cleanse the area with mild soap and water, then apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment before covering it with a loose, nonstick sterile dressing. Standard lotions, including aloe vera, should not be applied directly to broken skin, as they can introduce bacteria and increase the risk of infection.
Medical attention is necessary if the sunburn is accompanied by signs of systemic illness, sometimes referred to as sun poisoning. These signs include a high fever, chills, nausea, dizziness, or severe pain not relieved by over-the-counter medication. Professional care is also needed if blistering covers a large area of the body, or if there are signs of infection like increasing redness, swelling, or pus.