After cervical fusion, some neck movement is possible, though altered from before surgery. Movement extent depends on factors like the number of fused vertebrae and body adaptation. While fused segments won’t move, other spinal parts can compensate, allowing functionality.
Understanding Cervical Fusion
Cervical fusion surgery joins two or more neck vertebrae into a single, solid bone. This procedure stabilizes the spine, relieves pressure on nerves or the spinal cord, and reduces pain from conditions like herniated discs, degenerative disc disease, or fractures. During surgery, a damaged disc is typically removed, and a bone graft is placed. Metal plates and screws may hold vertebrae in place while they heal and fuse.
Immediate Post-Operative Mobility
Immediately following cervical fusion, neck movement is significantly restricted to allow proper healing and prevent complications. Patients are often advised to limit cervical range of motion for several weeks, typically 8-10 weeks. A cervical collar or brace may be used during this initial healing phase to prevent excessive movement and support the spine. This helps ensure the bone graft solidifies and fused segments knit together. Patients can usually walk and sit up shortly after surgery, but strenuous activities are avoided for at least six weeks.
Long-Term Mobility and Adaptation
Once the cervical fusion has healed, the fused segments of the spine will no longer move. However, the overall range of motion in the neck is often minimally impacted, especially if only one or two levels of the lower cervical spine are fused. This is because the most mobile joints in the neck, located at the top two levels (between the skull and C1, and between C1 and C2), are typically not involved in lower cervical fusions. The unfused vertebrae above and below the surgical site can compensate, and in some cases, patients may even experience an increase in perceived motion due to the relief of pre-existing pain.
Individuals adapt to these changes by utilizing the remaining flexibility in their neck and by making compensatory movements with their shoulders and upper body. For daily tasks, which often require only a fraction of the neck’s total range of motion, patients typically retain sufficient mobility. Activities requiring significant neck rotation, such as backing up a car, may require adjustments like turning more at the waist or using mirrors and backup cameras. Even with multi-level fusions, most people can perform daily activities without significant hindrance.
Rehabilitation and Recovery
Rehabilitation plays a central role in regaining function and adapting to the changes after cervical fusion. Physical therapy is commonly recommended, often starting several weeks after surgery, to strengthen muscles, improve flexibility, and restore range of motion. Therapists guide patients through specific exercises, including gentle neck movements, shoulder shrugs, and isometric exercises, to build strength around the neck and maintain mobility in surrounding areas.
The recovery timeline for cervical fusion can vary, with the fused bone solidifying over six months to a year. Patients are taught proper body mechanics and posture to protect the healing spine and learn to safely move their bodies to compensate for any reduced neck mobility. Following medical advice regarding activity restrictions and engaging consistently in the prescribed rehabilitation program are important for optimal outcomes and a return to daily activities.