Petroleum jelly, also known as petrolatum, is a semi-solid mixture of mineral oils and waxes derived from petroleum. While it is not intended for internal consumption, purified petroleum jelly is generally considered non-toxic when swallowed in small amounts. However, ingestion should be avoided due to the potential for gastrointestinal upset and, more significantly, the danger of it entering the lungs.
How the Body Processes Petroleum Jelly
When petroleum jelly is accidentally swallowed, it enters the digestive tract but is not absorbed by the body. This is because petrolatum is a hydrocarbon mixture that the human body’s digestive enzymes cannot break down. Its large molecular structure and hydrophobic nature prevent it from passing through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream.
Instead of being metabolized, the substance travels through the stomach and intestines largely intact. Because it is not absorbed, it acts as a non-irritating bulk laxative, lubricating the passage of stool.
The primary symptoms following minor ingestion are typically limited to the digestive system. These can include soft or loose stools, diarrhea, and mild abdominal cramping. If a large quantity is consumed, the sheer volume of the thick substance may cause more significant stomach discomfort.
The Major Respiratory Risk of Aspiration
The most serious health concern related to ingesting petroleum jelly is not chemical poisoning but the risk of aspiration. Aspiration occurs when the substance accidentally passes into the trachea and lungs instead of the esophagus and stomach. Due to the thick consistency of petrolatum, there is a risk of choking or having the material enter the airway upon swallowing.
If petroleum jelly enters the lungs, it can cause a severe inflammatory condition called exogenous lipoid pneumonia. Oil-based materials like petrolatum are poorly cleared by the delicate structures of the lungs. Once lodged in the air sacs (alveoli), the lipids trigger an inflammatory response that can damage lung tissue.
Symptoms of this lung condition can be varied, presenting acutely with fever and shortness of breath or developing chronically with a persistent cough and chest discomfort. The chronic form, which may result from repeated, small aspirations, is often difficult to diagnose and can lead to permanent lung scarring. Individuals with difficulty swallowing, such as the elderly or those with certain medical conditions, are at a higher risk of this complication.
What to Do After Accidental Ingestion
If accidental ingestion occurs, the first steps should focus on assessing for aspiration. Any immediate coughing, choking, or difficulty breathing requires urgent attention, and you should call 911 for emergency medical help.
For ingestion without immediate breathing problems, it is important to contact Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 for professional advice. They can provide specific instructions based on the amount ingested and the person’s age. You should give the individual a small amount of water to drink to help clear the mouth.
Avoid inducing vomiting. Forcing the substance back up significantly increases the chance of it being aspirated into the lungs, which is the most dangerous scenario. Medical professionals may recommend monitoring for symptoms like diarrhea or abdominal pain, but the primary concern remains the potential for respiratory issues.