While the uterus does not typically develop “cysts” like ovaries do, other growths can occur within its structure. What many refer to as a “cyst in the uterus” is often an ovarian cyst, or a different benign growth like fibroids or polyps. Understanding the distinct nature and location of these growths is important for accurate information and appropriate medical guidance.
Understanding Uterine and Ovarian Growths
A cyst is generally defined as a closed pocket or sac of tissue, filled with air, fluid, or other materials. In the female reproductive system, true cysts are primarily found on the ovaries, known as ovarian cysts. These sacs develop on or within the ovaries and are often a normal part of the menstrual cycle.
In contrast, growths that occur within the uterus are structurally different from ovarian cysts. Uterine fibroids, also called leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous growths composed of muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue. They can develop in various locations within the uterus, including within the muscular wall (intramural), just under the outer surface (subserosal), or beneath the inner lining (submucosal). Some fibroids can even attach to the uterus by a stalk, known as pedunculated fibroids. These growths can range in size from microscopic to large masses that can change the shape of the uterus.
Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, are overgrowths of the endometrium, the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus. These soft growths can attach to the uterine wall by a thin stalk or a broad base and extend into the uterine cavity. Like fibroids, uterine polyps are typically non-cancerous, though a small percentage may contain precancerous or cancerous cells. While fibroids originate from the muscular layer of the uterus, polyps arise from the uterine lining.
Common Types of Ovarian Cysts
Since ovarian cysts are often what individuals refer to when discussing “cysts in the uterus,” understanding their types is beneficial. Functional cysts are the most frequent type and are directly related to the menstrual cycle. These include follicular cysts, which form when a follicle on the ovary fails to release an egg and continues to grow. They usually disappear on their own within a few weeks.
Another type of functional cyst is a corpus luteum cyst. This forms after an egg has been released from its follicle, and the remaining structure, the corpus luteum, fills with fluid or blood instead of breaking down. These cysts can persist for several weeks and may cause discomfort, but they typically resolve spontaneously.
Other types of ovarian cysts exist. Endometriomas, often called “chocolate cysts,” are blood-filled cysts that form on the ovaries as a result of endometriosis, a condition where endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus. Dermoid cysts, or teratomas, are unique because they can contain various types of tissue, such as hair, skin, or even teeth, originating from embryonic cells. Cystadenomas are another type, developing from the surface of the ovary and filled with watery fluid or a sticky, gel-like material.
Recognizing Symptoms
The presence of ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, or uterine polyps can lead to a range of symptoms, though some individuals may experience no symptoms at all. Common signs that might indicate these growths include pelvic pain, which can manifest as a dull ache or sharp, sudden discomfort. This pain might be localized to one side of the lower abdomen or experienced more generally across the pelvis.
Menstrual irregularities are also frequently reported. These can include unusually heavy periods, prolonged bleeding, or bleeding between periods. Some individuals may experience an increased feeling of pressure or fullness in the lower belly, along with abdominal bloating. Other potential symptoms involve frequent urination, difficulty emptying the bladder, or pain during sexual intercourse. If any of these symptoms are experienced, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable for proper evaluation.
Diagnosis and Management Approaches
Diagnosing ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, and uterine polyps typically begins with a thorough medical history and a physical examination, including a pelvic exam. Imaging techniques are important for confirming the presence and characteristics of these growths. An ultrasound, often transvaginal, is a common and effective tool, using sound waves to create images of the uterus and ovaries. Saline infusion sonography, or sonohysterography, can provide clearer images of the uterine cavity by injecting saline into the uterus during an ultrasound.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to obtain more detailed images, particularly for larger or complex growths, helping to determine their exact location, size, and nature. In some cases, a hysteroscopy might be performed, where a thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus, allowing direct visualization of the uterine lining and any polyps or fibroids. Blood tests, such as CA-125, may be used in specific situations, but their results are not definitive for cancer and can be elevated by non-cancerous conditions.
Management approaches vary depending on the type, size, and symptoms of the growth, as well as the individual’s overall health and reproductive plans. For many benign growths, particularly smaller, asymptomatic ovarian cysts, watchful waiting may be recommended, as they often resolve on their own. Medications, such as hormonal birth control, can sometimes help manage symptoms related to ovarian cysts by regulating the menstrual cycle, while other drugs may alleviate symptoms associated with fibroids or polyps.
When symptoms are severe, growths are large, or there is concern about malignancy, surgical intervention may be considered. Procedures include cystectomy for removing ovarian cysts while preserving the ovary, or myomectomy for excising fibroids from the uterus. Uterine polyps can often be removed during a hysteroscopy, a procedure known as a polypectomy. In some situations, a hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus, might be an option, particularly if other treatments are ineffective or if growths are cancerous.