A sinus infection, sinusitis, involves inflammation of the tissues lining the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the forehead, cheeks, and behind the eyes. A sinus infection can occur without a runny nose. The presence or absence of nasal discharge is not the only indicator of this condition.
Understanding Sinusitis Without a Runny Nose
A runny nose is a common symptom of sinusitis, but its absence does not rule out an infection. Sinusitis primarily involves swelling and inflammation of the sinus lining. This inflammation can lead to blockages, trapping mucus within the sinus cavities, preventing it from draining.
When mucus is trapped, it can still accumulate and cause pressure and pain without external discharge. Instead of flowing out of the nostrils, the mucus may drain down the back of the throat, known as post-nasal drip. This internal drainage can lead to other symptoms, even if the nose appears clear.
Recognizing Other Sinusitis Symptoms
When a runny nose is absent, other symptoms help recognize a sinus infection. Facial pain or pressure is a common indicator, often felt around the eyes, forehead, cheeks, or nose. This discomfort can worsen when bending over or moving the head. Headaches are also common, sometimes accompanied by fullness or throbbing.
Nasal congestion or stuffiness can make breathing through the nose difficult, even without discharge. Post-nasal drip, mucus draining down the throat, can lead to a persistent cough, especially at night, and a sore throat. A reduced sense of smell and taste, along with bad breath, can also occur due to trapped mucus. Other signs include toothache, ear pressure or pain, and general fatigue.
Factors Contributing to Sinusitis
Sinus infections can arise from various factors. Viral infections, such as those causing the common cold, are the most frequent cause of sinusitis. These viral infections can lead to inflammation that blocks the sinuses, sometimes allowing bacteria to thrive, leading to secondary infection.
Allergies also contribute to sinusitis by causing inflammation and swelling of the nasal and sinus passages. This can block drainage pathways, predisposing individuals to infections. Structural issues within the nose, such as a deviated septum or nasal polyps, can obstruct the sinuses, making them prone to blockages and infection. Less commonly, fungal infections can cause sinusitis.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
Consult a healthcare professional if sinusitis symptoms are severe or persist for an extended period. Seek medical attention if symptoms last longer than 10 to 14 days, or if they initially improve but then worsen. A high fever, or a fever that lasts more than three to four days, warrants medical evaluation.
Signs such as severe headache, confusion, vision changes, swelling or redness around the eyes, or a stiff neck require immediate medical attention. These symptoms can indicate a more serious condition or complication requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment.