It is often possible for individuals with one ovary to conceive and have a healthy pregnancy. The human body demonstrates remarkable adaptability, and in many cases, a single, healthy ovary can take on the reproductive functions typically performed by two.
Understanding Ovarian Function with One Ovary
Ovaries are almond-shaped glands located on either side of the uterus, playing a dual role in reproduction: producing eggs for fertilization and secreting hormones like estrogen and progesterone that regulate the menstrual cycle. Each month, typically one ovary releases a mature egg in a process called ovulation.
When one ovary is absent or removed, the remaining healthy ovary often compensates for the loss. It takes over the full reproductive role, producing eggs and hormones necessary for regular menstrual cycles and potential conception. Studies indicate that the remaining ovary may increase its activity and follicular recruitment to maintain ovarian function. This adaptability is why fertility can be preserved even after unilateral oophorectomy (surgical removal of one ovary).
Factors Influencing Fertility
While one ovary can function effectively, several factors influence fertility and the chances of conception. Age is a significant consideration, as ovarian reserve—the number of eggs remaining—naturally declines over time. This decline can be more pronounced for individuals with a single ovary, as they begin with a smaller overall egg supply.
The health of the remaining ovary is paramount. If the single ovary is affected by conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), its function may be compromised, impacting egg quality and hormonal balance. Blockages or scarring in the associated fallopian tube can also prevent the egg from reaching the uterus, regardless of ovarian health.
The underlying reason for having only one ovary can heavily influence overall reproductive health. For instance, if an ovary was removed due to a condition like severe endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease, these conditions might still affect the remaining reproductive organs, including the other fallopian tube or the uterus. Conversely, if removal was due to a benign cyst or torsion without widespread disease, the impact on fertility might be less severe.
Beyond specific ovarian health, general well-being and lifestyle factors play a role. Overall health conditions, nutrition, and stress levels can affect hormonal regulation and the menstrual cycle, potentially influencing fertility outcomes.
Options for Conception
Many individuals with a single healthy ovary can conceive naturally. If the remaining ovary ovulates regularly and the corresponding fallopian tube is open and functional, natural conception is possible. Regular monitoring of the menstrual cycle and identifying ovulation can help optimize attempts at natural pregnancy.
If natural conception proves challenging, Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) offer additional pathways to pregnancy. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a common and often effective option. During IVF, eggs are retrieved from the remaining ovary, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory, and then one or more resulting embryos are transferred into the uterus. While some studies suggest a potentially lower success rate for IVF with one ovary compared to two, others indicate comparable pregnancy rates, especially if the remaining ovary has a good reserve.
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) is another ART method. This procedure involves placing sperm directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation. IUI may be an option if the single ovary and fallopian tube are functioning well.