Wisdom teeth, known clinically as third molars, are the final set of teeth to develop in the mouth. While they typically become noticeable much later, the process of their formation begins years earlier. Dental development follows a broad timeline, and individual variation means that for some teenagers, the third molars are already well underway.
The Timeline of Third Molar Development
The development of wisdom teeth involves two distinct phases: formation and eruption. The initial stage, known as mineralization or calcification, typically begins around age nine. This formation can start even earlier, with the earliest signs of the tooth bud sometimes visible on X-rays as early as ages five to seven.
At age 13, it is entirely normal for the third molars to be present deep within the jawbone. The tooth’s crown is often fully formed or nearing completion at this age. The crown is usually completed between the ages of 14 and 15, with root development following this stage.
True eruption, the stage where the tooth breaks through the gum line, most commonly occurs between the ages of 17 and 25, when the jaw has finished the majority of its growth. However, due to genetic and biological variability, active eruption can start as early as age 13 or 14 in a small percentage of the population.
Identifying Emerging Wisdom Teeth
The primary method for tracking third molar development, particularly in pre-teens and early teens, is through routine dental imaging. A panoramic X-ray, or panorex, provides a complete two-dimensional view of all teeth, including those still hidden within the jawbone. Dentists use these images to assess the precise location, root development stage, and the amount of space available in the jaw for future eruption.
Physical symptoms are less common at age 13. If the teeth are actively pushing through the gum or causing pressure, a patient may experience a dull ache or sensation of pressure in the far back of the jaw. Other signs can include localized gum tenderness or minor swelling behind the second molars, which can sometimes be mistaken for other dental issues.
Potential Issues Caused by Early Development
When third molars develop or begin to emerge earlier than average, it can lead to several specific clinical problems.
Impaction
One of the most common issues is impaction, which occurs when the tooth grows at an angle or becomes stuck against the second molar or jawbone. This lack of space in the still-developing jaw can prevent the tooth from fully erupting into a proper chewing position.
Crowding and Alignment
Early development also increases the risk of crowding, where the pressure from the emerging third molar pushes against the alignment of the existing permanent teeth. This is a concern for patients who have recently completed orthodontic treatment, as the pressure can shift straightened teeth.
Infection (Pericoronitis)
A partially erupted tooth creates a flap of gum tissue that is difficult to clean. This makes the area highly susceptible to infection, a painful condition known as pericoronitis.
Cyst Formation
In some cases, an impacted tooth can lead to the formation of a fluid-filled sac, or cyst, around the crown. These cysts can grow over time and damage the surrounding jawbone or the roots of adjacent teeth.
Because of these potential complications, early detection requires continuous monitoring by a dental professional to plan preventative treatment and ensure the long-term health of the mouth.