Why Shingles Can Return
Shingles is a painful rash. This condition is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. While many people experience shingles only once, it is possible for the condition to return. This article explains why shingles can recur and what steps can be taken to reduce that possibility.
The Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is responsible for both chickenpox and shingles. After chickenpox, VZV remains inactive in nerve cells, specifically in nerve ganglia, for many years.
This dormant state means the virus remains hidden without symptoms. However, certain conditions can cause the VZV to reactivate. When the virus reactivates, it travels along the nerve fibers to the skin, resulting in the characteristic painful rash of shingles. A recurrence of shingles is a reactivation of the existing virus, not a new infection.
Factors Increasing Recurrence Risk
Several factors increase the risk of shingles recurrence. A primary factor is a weakened immune system. As people age, their immune responses naturally decline, making them more vulnerable to viral reactivation.
Conditions that compromise the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation, also elevate the risk. Treatments like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive medications also increase this likelihood. These situations reduce the body’s ability to keep the dormant VZV in check.
Significant physical or emotional stress can also contribute to the reactivation of the virus. Chronic stress can suppress immune function, potentially allowing the VZV to become active again. Other chronic medical conditions, like diabetes or kidney disease, may also increase the risk, further highlighting the link between overall health and immune resilience against the virus.
Preventing Recurrence and Seeking Care
Preventing shingles recurrence involves strengthening the body’s defense against the Varicella-zoster virus. Vaccination is the most effective prevention method. The shingles vaccine, known as Shingrix, is highly effective at preventing shingles and significantly reduces the risk of recurrence.
The vaccine works by boosting the immune system’s ability to control the dormant virus, making it less likely to reactivate. It is recommended for adults typically starting at age 50, even if they have already had shingles. In addition to vaccination, maintaining a generally healthy lifestyle can support immune function.
If shingles symptoms appear, seek prompt medical attention. Antiviral medications are most effective when started within 72 hours of the rash appearance. Early treatment reduces the severity and duration of the rash and may lower the risk of developing postherpetic neuralgia, a long-lasting nerve pain that can follow shingles. Consulting a healthcare provider at the first sign of symptoms ensures appropriate and timely intervention, which is important for managing potential recurrences.