A broken bone does not directly cause sepsis, but it can create conditions for an infection to develop, which may then escalate. Sepsis is a life-threatening medical emergency, an extreme bodily response to infection that damages tissues and organs. This overwhelming immune reaction can lead to organ failure and, in severe cases, death.
Understanding the Connection
While a simple broken bone (closed fracture) carries a low infection risk, an open fracture significantly increases this risk. An open, or compound, fracture occurs when the broken bone pierces the skin or a wound reaches the bone. This creates a direct pathway for bacteria to contaminate the fracture site.
Bacteria can invade exposed bone and surrounding tissues, leading to localized infection. Common bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) and various Gram-negative bacteria. If not controlled, bacteria can multiply and spread from the fracture site into the bloodstream, leading to sepsis.
Even with closed fractures, infection can occur, though it is less common. Bacteria might be introduced during surgical procedures to repair the bone, or from other sources within the body. Once bacteria gain access to the bone, they can cause osteomyelitis, a bone infection. If left untreated, osteomyelitis can also spread and lead to sepsis.
Recognizing the Signs
Sepsis symptoms can develop rapidly and require immediate medical attention, as they are often systemic rather than localized to the injury site. Early signs include a high or low body temperature, chills, shivering, a rapid heartbeat, and fast breathing.
As sepsis progresses, more severe indicators can appear, affecting multiple bodily functions. These may include confusion, disorientation, altered mental state, difficulty rousing, or slurred speech. Other signs are extreme pain or discomfort, clammy or sweaty skin, lightheadedness from low blood pressure, and reduced urination.
These symptoms might not necessarily point directly to the broken bone. Localized signs of a bone infection include redness, swelling, increased warmth, and pain at the fracture site. Systemic signs of sepsis are felt throughout the body. Recognizing these changes allows for prompt diagnosis and treatment, improving outcomes.
Minimizing Risk and Seeking Care
Preventing infection after a broken bone is important, particularly for open fractures due to higher bacterial contamination risk. Prompt and thorough wound care is necessary. This involves cleaning the wound (debridement and irrigation) and administering antibiotics quickly in an emergency setting. Adhering to medical advice, including keeping the area clean and dry, helps prevent bacterial entry.
For all types of fractures, follow a healthcare provider’s instructions for cast or splint care. Maintaining cleanliness around the cast and avoiding moisture helps prevent skin irritation or breakdown that could lead to infection. Patients undergoing fracture surgery typically receive preventive antibiotics to reduce surgical site infection risk.
Individuals should be aware of infection signs like increased pain, warmth, redness, or pus drainage at the injury site, and report these to their doctor immediately. If any systemic signs of sepsis appear, such as fever, confusion, rapid heart rate, or extreme pain, seek immediate medical attention. Prompt action allows for timely diagnosis and treatment, managing potential complications.