Understanding MRSA Recurrence
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a type of bacteria that has developed defenses against several antibiotics. While many Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, or staph, live harmlessly on the skin or in the nose, MRSA can cause infections if it enters the body through a break in the skin. These infections often manifest as skin issues, but they can sometimes lead to more serious conditions affecting organs like the lungs or heart.
The Possibility of Multiple Infections
Individuals can experience MRSA infections more than once, with studies indicating recurrence rates for skin infections as high as 70%. This recurrence can stem from a new infection or a re-emergence from MRSA colonization. Colonization means the bacteria live on the skin or in the nose without causing symptoms, but colonized individuals can still spread the bacteria and are at increased risk of developing active infections.
The distinction between colonization and active infection is important. In colonization, the bacteria are simply present on the body without causing harm, while an infection means they are actively multiplying and causing symptoms like redness, swelling, or pus. Many who have had an active MRSA infection may continue to carry the bacteria in a colonized state. If these dormant bacteria find an opportunity, such as a cut or weakened immune system, they can transition into a full infection.
Why MRSA Can Reappear
Several factors contribute to MRSA reappearing in an individual after a previous infection has resolved. One common reason is the persistence of colonization, where the bacteria continue to reside on the skin or in the nose even after treatment. These colonized bacteria can then cause new infections if conditions become favorable.
Reinfection can also occur from contact with contaminated surfaces or shared personal items where MRSA bacteria can survive. Close contact with other individuals who are colonized or infected, particularly household members, also poses a risk for re-exposure.
Compromised skin barriers, such as cuts, scrapes, or chronic skin conditions, provide an entry point for the bacteria, making recurrence more likely. Underlying health conditions that weaken the immune system, or incomplete antibiotic treatment, can also increase susceptibility to repeat infections.
Reducing Your Risk
Implementing consistent hygiene practices is a primary defense against MRSA recurrence and initial infection. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is highly effective, and alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be used when soap and water are unavailable. Regular body washing, especially after physical activities, also helps reduce the bacterial load on the skin.
Proper wound care is another important preventive measure. Any cuts, scrapes, or open wounds should be kept clean and covered with bandages until fully healed to prevent bacteria from entering. Avoid touching other people’s wounds or bandages and dispose of used dressings properly.
Avoiding the sharing of personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or athletic equipment minimizes the risk of transmission. When using shared equipment, such as in gyms, wiping surfaces before and after use is recommended. Regular cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces in your home and environment can help eliminate bacteria that might cause reinfection.
If a healthcare professional prescribes antibiotics for an infection, complete the entire course as directed, even if symptoms improve, to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria. For individuals experiencing recurrent MRSA infections due to colonization, a doctor might recommend decolonization treatments, which can involve using antiseptic body washes and nasal ointments. These combined strategies can help reduce the likelihood of future MRSA infections.