Ingrown nails, medically known as onychocryptosis, occur when the edge of a nail grows into the surrounding soft skin instead of over it. This common condition causes pain, swelling, and redness where the nail penetrates the skin. While often associated with the toes, particularly the big toe, ingrown nails can affect the fingers, though less commonly.
Occurrence and Underlying Causes
Ingrown fingernails are less common than ingrown toenails. Feet are often subjected to pressure from footwear, which can compress the toes and force nails into the surrounding skin. Fingernails, by contrast, are not exposed to such consistent external pressure and are thinner and more flexible, allowing them to maintain their natural shape.
Despite their lower incidence, ingrown fingernails can still develop from various causes. Improper nail trimming is a frequent culprit; cutting nails too short or rounding the edges instead of cutting straight across can encourage the nail to grow into the skin. Trauma to the finger, such as crushing injuries or repeated microtrauma from certain activities, can alter the nail’s growth pattern. Nail biting, a common habit, damages the nail’s shape and can introduce bacteria, increasing the risk of an ingrown nail and infection.
Certain occupations involving repetitive pressure on the fingers, like writing, typing, sewing, or using hand tools, can contribute to ingrown fingernails by reshaping the nail over time. Underlying nail conditions, such as fungal infections or psoriasis, can cause nail deformities that predispose individuals to ingrown nails. Some people may also have a genetic predisposition or naturally more curved nail plates, making them more susceptible.
Recognizing Symptoms and Knowing When to Seek Care
The symptoms of an ingrown fingernail are similar to those of an ingrown toenail. The affected area around the nail exhibits pain, tenderness, and redness. Swelling and warmth around the nail fold are also common indicators. If an infection develops, there may be pus or fluid draining from the site.
It is important to distinguish between mild discomfort manageable at home and signs requiring professional medical attention. While mild cases may resolve with self-care, worsening or severe pain, spreading redness, or the presence of pus indicate infection. Individuals with conditions like diabetes, poor circulation, or compromised immune systems should seek medical care promptly, as they are at higher risk for complications. A healthcare provider should be consulted if home remedies do not provide relief or if symptoms persist.
Preventive Measures and Initial Home Management
Preventing ingrown fingernails primarily involves proper nail care. Always trim fingernails straight across, avoiding cutting them too short or rounding the corners, which can encourage the nail to grow into the skin. Soaking nails in warm water before trimming can soften them, making them easier to cut without causing trauma. Using clean, sharp clippers designed for fingernails is also recommended.
Avoiding nail biting helps maintain the nail’s natural shape and reduces the risk of introducing bacteria and infection. Protecting fingers from trauma, such as wearing gloves during activities with repetitive pressure or potential injury, can prevent ingrown nails. Addressing any underlying nail conditions, like fungal infections, is important as they can contribute to nail deformities.
For mild ingrown fingernails without signs of infection, initial home management can provide relief. Soaking the affected finger in warm, salty water two to three times daily for 15 to 20 minutes can help reduce inflammation and discomfort. After soaking, gently push the skin away from the nail edge. Applying an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment to the area and keeping it covered with a clean bandage can help prevent infection. These home remedies are suitable for mild cases but are not a substitute for professional medical care if symptoms are severe or persistent.