Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral infection primarily affecting infants and young children, though it can occur in older children and adults. This contagious illness is characterized by a fever, painful sores that develop in the mouth, and a distinctive rash on the hands and feet. The rash can also appear on other body parts, including the buttocks, elbows, and knees. HFMD is typically a mild condition, with symptoms usually resolving on their own within 7 to 10 days.
Understanding HFMD Recurrence
It is possible to contract Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease multiple times. While immunity develops to the specific viral strain that caused a previous infection, this immunity does not protect against other strains.
Subsequent infections may sometimes be milder than the initial one, but this is not always the case. The possibility of reinfection is a reason why the illness can circulate within communities, particularly in settings where children are in close contact, such as daycares and schools. The virus can remain in an infected person’s stool for several weeks after symptoms disappear, contributing to its spread.
Different Viral Strains
HFMD is caused by viruses belonging to the enterovirus family. The most common culprit in the United States is Coxsackievirus A16, which typically leads to milder symptoms. However, other enteroviruses, such as Coxsackievirus A6 and Enterovirus 71 (EV71), can also cause the disease. EV71 has been associated with more severe cases and outbreaks, particularly in East and Southeast Asia.
Each of these distinct viral strains prompts a specific immune response in the body. Therefore, developing immunity to one strain, like Coxsackievirus A16, does not provide protection against an infection caused by Enterovirus 71 or another Coxsackievirus variant.
Minimizing Re-infection Risk
To reduce the likelihood of contracting HFMD again or spreading it to others, consistent hygiene practices are important. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is an important defense, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before eating. It is also advisable to avoid touching the face, particularly the eyes, nose, and mouth, with unwashed hands.
Limiting close contact with individuals who are sick, such as avoiding hugging, kissing, or sharing eating utensils, can help prevent transmission. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and shared items, like toys and doorknobs, is also important, as the virus can survive on these surfaces for days. Practicing good cough and sneeze etiquette, such as covering the mouth and nose with a tissue or the elbow, further helps contain the spread of viral droplets.