Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness, primarily affecting infants and young children, though it can also occur in adults. This contagious condition is characterized by a fever, painful sores that develop in the mouth, and a rash that often appears as blister-like lesions on the hands and feet. The rash can also extend to other areas, including the buttocks, elbows, knees, or genitals. Typically, HFMD is a mild illness that resolves on its own within seven to ten days.
Understanding Re-infection
It is possible to contract Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease more than once. Immunity from a previous infection is specific to the viral strain that caused it. Therefore, encountering a different strain can lead to a new infection. This is common in environments where children frequently interact, such as daycare centers and schools.
The Science Behind Recurring Cases
The reason for re-infection lies in the diverse nature of the viruses that cause HFMD. This illness is not caused by a single virus but by several distinct enteroviruses. Common culprits include Coxsackievirus A16, often responsible for cases in the United States, and Enterovirus 71, linked to outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Other Coxsackievirus strains, such as A6, can also cause HFMD, sometimes resulting in more severe symptoms.
When an individual recovers from HFMD, their body develops an immune response specific to the viral strain they were infected with. While protected against that particular strain, they remain susceptible to infection from other enterovirus strains. Each new exposure to a different strain can trigger another episode of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, explaining why some individuals experience the illness multiple times.
Preventing Future Infections
Preventing the spread of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, and reducing the risk of re-infection, involves consistent hygiene practices. Handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is important, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. Teaching children proper handwashing techniques is also important.
Frequent disinfection of surfaces and shared items helps eliminate the virus from the environment. This includes cleaning toys, doorknobs, and countertops, which can harbor viral particles. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals, such as refraining from hugging, kissing, or sharing utensils, also reduces transmission risk. Individuals experiencing symptoms of HFMD should stay home from school or work to prevent further spread of the virus.