Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness primarily affecting infants and young children, though it can occur in adults. It presents with blisters or sores in the mouth, and a rash on the hands and feet. This contagious condition is often mild, with symptoms resolving within 7 to 10 days.
Understanding Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
HFMD is caused by viruses, most commonly Coxsackievirus A16, though other enteroviruses like Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A6 also cause it. The illness often begins with symptoms like fever, reduced appetite, and a sore throat. A day or two later, painful sores can develop in the mouth, followed by a non-itchy rash or blisters on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
The virus spreads easily through close personal contact, including respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes, saliva, fluid from blisters, and contact with an infected person’s stool. Transmission often occurs in childcare centers and schools, where children are in close proximity.
The Possibility of Reinfection
It is possible to contract Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease more than once. While many viral infections provide lasting immunity, HFMD is different because it can be caused by various viral strains. Infection with one strain provides immunity only to that specific strain. If exposed to a different strain, they can develop HFMD again. This explains why some individuals, especially young children, may experience multiple episodes.
Viral Strains and Immunity
HFMD is primarily caused by non-polio enteroviruses, a group including several different strains. While Coxsackievirus A16 is common, other strains like Coxsackievirus A6 and Enterovirus 71 also contribute. Infection with one strain develops specific antibodies protecting against future infections from that identical strain.
However, these antibodies do not protect against other distinct enterovirus strains. For example, an individual who has recovered from an infection caused by Coxsackievirus A16 can still get HFMD if they encounter Coxsackievirus A6 or Enterovirus 71. This lack of cross-protection is the biological reason for recurrent infections. Each new infection represents exposure to a new strain, leading to symptoms again.
Minimizing Risk of Recurrence
Good hygiene reduces the risk of contracting Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, including reinfection. Frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after changing diapers or using the restroom, helps prevent viral spread. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and contaminated items is a preventive measure.
Avoiding close contact with infected individuals, such as hugging or sharing eating utensils, further minimizes exposure. These practices limit the circulation of all HFMD-causing viral strains.