Diarrhea can be a symptom of COVID-19. While known for its respiratory effects, gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, are also part of how the virus affects the body. This is important for understanding the full range of COVID-19 presentations.
Diarrhea as a COVID-19 Symptom
Diarrhea is a recognized symptom of COVID-19, though often less common than respiratory issues like cough and fever. It can appear alongside other symptoms or even be the first or only symptom. Studies indicate that approximately 10% to 20% of COVID-19 patients report diarrhea.
The duration and intensity of COVID-19-related diarrhea vary; it is typically mild to moderate, characterized by watery and non-bloody stools, and usually resolves within two to six days. While early SARS-CoV-2 variants showed varying gastrointestinal symptom rates, the Omicron variant has been associated with digestive symptoms, though sometimes less prominently. This indicates that the specific viral variant can influence symptom presentation.
How COVID-19 Affects the Digestive System
The SARS-CoV-2 virus can directly affect the digestive system due to specific receptors in the gut. It primarily binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, abundantly found on cells lining the human digestive tract, particularly in the intestines. This interaction allows the virus to enter these cells, initiating infection within the gastrointestinal system.
Once the virus enters intestinal cells, it can lead to inflammation and gut lining disruption. This cellular damage impairs normal intestinal function, contributing to diarrhea. Beyond direct cellular infection, COVID-19 can also impact the delicate balance of gut microorganisms, sometimes called “gut dysbiosis.” This imbalance can further contribute to digestive distress and symptom persistence.
Managing COVID-19 Related Diarrhea
Managing COVID-19-associated diarrhea focuses on supportive care to prevent complications and alleviate discomfort. Staying well-hydrated is important, as diarrhea leads to significant fluid loss, increasing dehydration risk. Consuming fluids like water, clear broths, and electrolyte solutions is recommended to replenish lost salts and minerals. Oral rehydration salts can be beneficial for maintaining electrolyte balance.
Dietary adjustments also help manage symptoms. Opting for bland, easy-to-digest foods like bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (the BRAT diet) can help firm stools and reduce digestive tract irritation. Avoid foods that can worsen diarrhea, including spicy, fatty, greasy items, high-fiber foods, and, for some, dairy products. Adequate rest is important for overall recovery, allowing the body to conserve energy and heal.
While some over-the-counter anti-diarrhea medications may provide relief, consult a healthcare professional before using them. These medications can slow gut motility, which might also slow the body’s process of clearing the virus. Adhering to recommended isolation guidelines is important if you have COVID-19 symptoms to prevent further transmission.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While COVID-19-related diarrhea is often mild and resolves on its own, certain signs indicate a need for medical evaluation. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe dehydration signs, such as decreased urination, excessive thirst, dizziness, or confusion.
Other warning signs include severe abdominal pain, bloody or black, tarry stools, or diarrhea that persists beyond a few days. If you are unable to keep fluids down due to persistent vomiting or if your symptoms worsen despite home care, consult a healthcare provider.
Vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly, very young children, immunocompromised individuals, or those with underlying health conditions, should seek personalized advice from a doctor. Testing for COVID-19 is also important if you develop these symptoms, especially after potential exposure.