COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Understanding its transmission routes is important for preventing its spread.
Is SARS-CoV-2 Present in Semen?
Scientific investigations have explored whether the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be detected within seminal fluid. Some studies report SARS-CoV-2 RNA, the virus’s genetic material, in semen samples from a small number of individuals with COVID-19. For example, one review of multiple studies found that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in semen in a small percentage of cases, ranging from 0% to 13.9% across different studies. However, the detection of viral RNA does not automatically mean that a live, infectious virus is present and capable of causing infection.
Detecting viral genetic material, like RNA, indicates that the virus was once there or that fragments of its genetic code are present. This differs significantly from isolating a viable virus, which means culturing a live virus that can replicate and infect cells. Most studies detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen did not find evidence of a viable, infectious virus, which is necessary for transmission.
Understanding COVID-19 Transmission
COVID-19 primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and aerosols released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes. These tiny particles can travel through the air and be inhaled by someone nearby, leading to infection. Close contact with an infected individual, typically within six feet, increases the risk of inhaling these virus-containing particles. This makes respiratory transmission the predominant way the virus moves between people.
Less commonly, the virus can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, known as fomite transmission. If an infected person touches a surface and then another person touches that same surface before touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes, transmission can occur. However, this route is considered less common than direct respiratory spread.
Sexual Contact and COVID-19 Risk
Based on current scientific understanding, COVID-19 is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI). While some studies have identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen, there is no strong evidence to suggest that the virus is transmitted through semen itself during sexual contact. The primary risk of COVID-19 transmission during sexual activity comes from the close physical contact involved.
Activities such as kissing, breathing in close proximity, and other intimate interactions can facilitate the exchange of respiratory droplets and aerosols. These are the main vehicles for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, regardless of the sexual nature of the encounter. Therefore, the risk during sexual activity is largely due to the potential for respiratory spread between partners.
To reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission during sexual activity, several precautions can be considered. It is advisable to avoid sexual contact if one partner is experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 or has recently tested positive for the virus. Open communication with partners about recent health and potential exposures can help both individuals make informed decisions. Using masks during intimate contact or avoiding kissing might also reduce the risk of respiratory transmission.