While severe cases are uncommon in well-maintained pools, exposure to chlorine and its byproducts can cause adverse health effects. “Chlorine poisoning” describes the body’s reaction to inhaling, ingesting, or contacting excessive amounts of these substances, leading to irritation and, rarely, more serious issues. Chlorine disinfects pools, but its interaction with organic matter creates compounds that cause swimmer discomfort.
Recognizing Symptoms
Mild symptoms often include redness and a burning sensation in the eyes, irritation of the nose and throat, coughing, and skin irritation such as redness or itchiness. These common effects typically resolve quickly after leaving the water.
More moderate symptoms can involve persistent coughing, wheezing, and a feeling of chest tightness, indicating a greater impact on the respiratory system. Individuals might also experience nausea, vomiting, or dizziness. These signs suggest a more significant level of exposure and warrant closer attention.
Severe symptoms are rare and highly unlikely from typical pool exposure. These include severe difficulty breathing, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), severe skin burns, or loss of consciousness. Such extreme reactions are usually linked to highly concentrated chlorine, like from industrial accidents or chemical mishandling.
Understanding Exposure Causes
Swimmers’ primary irritants are often chloramines, not chlorine itself. These compounds form when chlorine reacts with organic substances from swimmers, like sweat, urine, skin cells, and personal care products. Chloramines cause the strong, often perceived “chlorine” smell, which actually indicates poor water quality.
Poor ventilation, especially in indoor pools, significantly contributes to the buildup of airborne chloramines. Inadequate air circulation traps these irritants in the breathing zone above the pool surface, increasing exposure for swimmers and spectators. This accumulation can lead to more pronounced respiratory irritation.
Improper pool chemistry also plays a role in elevated exposure risks. Poorly maintained pH levels or excessively high chlorine concentrations can lead to increased off-gassing of chlorine byproducts. Accidental ingestion of highly chlorinated water or prolonged skin contact can also contribute to adverse reactions.
Managing and Preventing Exposure
Should symptoms of chlorine exposure arise while swimming, move out of the pool and into an area with fresh air to alleviate respiratory symptoms. If chlorine has contacted the eyes, rinse them thoroughly with clean water for at least 15 minutes, and wash any affected skin with soap and water.
Seeking medical attention is advisable if symptoms persist or worsen. This includes prolonged coughing, severe breathing difficulties, chest pain, persistent vomiting, or confusion. Children exhibiting any signs of distress after swimming should be promptly evaluated by a medical professional.
Several strategies can help reduce the risk of chlorine exposure for swimmers. Taking a brief shower before entering the pool helps remove organic matter like sweat and body oils, which reduces chloramine formation. Avoiding swallowing pool water is also a key preventative measure. A strong chemical odor often signals high chloramine levels and poor water quality. For indoor pools, good ventilation is important, as it helps dissipate airborne chloramines.