While very uncommon, it is possible for someone as young as 16 to be diagnosed with breast cancer. Most breast changes teenagers experience are benign and are a normal part of development. This information aims to provide clarity and reassurance while also highlighting when medical attention might be beneficial.
Breast Cancer in Young People
Breast cancer is rare in adolescents. Between 2012 and 2016, the incidence rate for female breast cancer in 15- to 19-year-olds in the United States was approximately 0.1 in 100,000, which translates to about 1 teen in 1 million. Less than 2% of all breast cancer diagnoses occur in individuals under the age of 34.
Teenagers commonly experience various benign breast conditions. Fibroadenomas are the most frequent type of non-cancerous solid breast lump in girls under 19, accounting for 91% of such cases. These lumps are typically firm, rubbery, and movable, caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue.
Cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs, also frequently occur and can enlarge and become tender, especially before a menstrual period. These benign changes often result from normal hormonal fluctuations during puberty and adolescence. While age is the most significant risk factor for breast cancer, rare genetic predispositions, such as BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, or specific tumor types like phyllodes or inflammatory cancers, can contribute to risk at a younger age.
Understanding Breast Changes and Symptoms
Adolescence brings many normal breast changes due to hormonal shifts. It is common for breasts to feel lumpy, tender, or sore, particularly before or during menstrual periods due to fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone. Breast development often begins with “breast buds” under the nipple, which can be sensitive. It is also normal for breasts to be asymmetrical, with one developing faster or being larger than the other.
While most breast changes are benign, certain symptoms warrant medical attention:
- Persistent or growing lumps, especially those that feel hard, are fixed to the chest wall, and do not move.
- Changes in breast size or shape, unexplained swelling, or persistent pain not linked to menstruation.
- Skin changes like dimpling, redness, scaling, or a rash on the breast.
- Nipple discharge, especially if it is bloody, clear, or purulent, or if the nipple becomes inverted.
- Enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit or collarbone area.
When to Consult a Doctor
Seeking medical advice is advisable for any new or concerning breast changes, regardless of age. If a lump persists or grows, or if you experience unexplained pain, skin changes, or nipple discharge, consult a doctor.
A doctor’s visit for breast concerns typically involves a physical examination and a review of medical history. For young people, imaging tests like an ultrasound are commonly used to evaluate breast lumps, as mammograms are less effective due to denser breast tissue in adolescents. In some cases, a biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken for examination, may be performed to determine the nature of a lump. Early detection, even in rare instances of breast cancer, is beneficial for treatment outcomes.