The question of developing a “bone spur” in the mouth often arises when a person discovers an unexpected hard lump beneath the gum tissue. While bony growths do form within the jaw and oral cavity, they are not clinically categorized as true bone spurs, or osteophytes, that typically develop near joints due to arthritis or wear and tear. The growths found in the mouth are benign, slow-growing, and composed of dense, normal bone, presenting as common anatomical variations rather than a disease process. This article clarifies what these oral bony protrusions are and details the circumstances under which a dental professional might recommend intervention.
Understanding Oral Bony Growths
The most common oral bony growths are collectively known as exostoses or tori, and they are classified based on their specific location within the mouth. Unlike osteophytes, which are a reaction to joint damage, these oral growths are considered a variation of normal anatomy, composed of mature cortical and trabecular bone. They are generally painless and covered by normal, intact gum tissue. Since they are benign and do not pose a threat to general health, these growths are primarily a concern only when they interfere with oral function or dental procedures.
Torus Palatinus
A Torus Palatinus is a firm, non-cancerous mass that develops along the midline of the hard palate (the roof of the mouth). These growths can vary significantly in shape and size and are usually discovered during a routine dental examination.
Torus Mandibularis and Buccal Exostoses
Torus Mandibularis appears on the inner side of the lower jaw, typically near the premolar and molar teeth. These are often found bilaterally, meaning they occur on both the left and right sides of the jaw. Buccal Exostoses manifest as bony protuberances on the outer surface of the upper or lower jawbone, facing the cheek.
Factors Contributing to Their Formation
The exact reason these oral bony growths form is not fully established, but their development is multifactorial, involving a strong interplay between genetic and environmental influences. Genetic predisposition is considered a significant factor, as the condition often appears to run in families, indicating a hereditary link.
Excessive stress on the jawbone, known as masticatory hyperfunction, is a major environmental contributor to their growth. Habits like chronic teeth grinding (bruxism) or jaw clenching exert constant, uneven pressure on the jawbone. In response to this tension, the body attempts to reinforce the bone structure by laying down extra bone material, leading to the slow enlargement of tori and exostoses.
Poor bite alignment, or malocclusion, can also contribute by causing an uneven distribution of biting forces. The areas that receive greater pressure than normal may stimulate the body to produce additional bone as a protective measure. Localized trauma or chronic irritation to the area may also play a role in stimulating this localized bone growth.
When Treatment is Necessary
In the vast majority of cases, oral bony growths are asymptomatic and require no treatment other than routine monitoring. Since they are non-pathological, the decision to intervene is based on the functional complications they cause, not the mere presence of the growth.
The most common necessity for removal arises when the growth interferes with the fabrication or fit of a dental prosthetic, such as a full or partial denture. The presence of a large torus prevents the denture base from achieving a stable, secure fit on the jaw ridge.
Surgical removal is also considered if the growth causes specific issues:
- It interferes with normal oral functions like speaking or swallowing.
- The thin gum tissue covering the growth is repeatedly traumatized, leading to chronic irritation or painful ulcerations.
- Food debris becomes trapped around the irregular surface, compromising oral hygiene and potentially leading to periodontal issues.
When treatment is indicated, the procedure involves a simple surgical excision performed by an oral surgeon, often under local anesthesia. The surgeon gently exposes the bone, removes the excess bony material, and then smooths the underlying jawbone contour. Recovery is generally straightforward, and the post-operative site typically heals within a few weeks, with a low risk of recurrence. Consultation with a dental professional is the proper first step to confirm the diagnosis and determine the appropriate management plan.