Strep throat, a bacterial infection of the throat and tonsils, is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. Prevalent among children and adolescents, it can affect anyone. Symptoms often include sudden sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing.
Natural Course of Strep Throat
While some may recover from strep throat without antibiotics, this approach is not recommended. The immune system can sometimes fight off the bacteria. However, this natural process is slower than antibiotic treatment and carries a risk of serious complications. Medical guidance advises antibiotic treatment for confirmed cases.
The Primary Role of Antibiotics
Antibiotics eliminate Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. They kill the bacteria, leading to quicker symptom resolution like reduced fever and throat pain. Treatment also shortens illness duration, allowing individuals to feel better sooner. They are important for preventing infection spread and averting serious health complications.
Risks of Untreated Strep Throat
Untreated or inadequately treated strep throat can lead to serious complications. A primary concern is acute rheumatic fever (ARF), an autoimmune condition developing one to six weeks after infection. This inflammatory response can affect multiple organ systems, potentially damaging heart valves, joints, brain (leading to Sydenham chorea), and skin. Another complication is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), an inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units. PSGN can manifest one to two weeks after infection, causing symptoms like decreased urine output, dark or reddish-brown urine, and swelling.
Untreated infection can also lead to a peritonsillar abscess, a pus collection near one of the tonsils. This causes severe pain, making it difficult to open the mouth, swallow, or even breathe. Some children may develop Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). PANDAS is characterized by sudden onset or worsening of obsessive-compulsive behaviors and/or tics following a strep infection. These complications highlight the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Consult a healthcare professional for evaluation if experiencing symptoms suggestive of strep throat. Symptoms warranting a doctor’s visit include sudden sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and a fever of 101°F (38.3°C) or higher. Other signs also indicate medical attention is needed:
- Red and swollen tonsils, sometimes with white patches or pus
- Tiny red spots on the roof of the mouth
- Swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck
Diagnosis typically involves a rapid strep test or throat culture, confirming Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Self-diagnosis is unreliable; only a medical professional can confirm strep throat and prescribe appropriate treatment.