An intravenous (IV) line delivers fluids, medications, and nutrients directly into a person’s bloodstream through a small tube inserted into a vein. While IVs are widely used, their insertion creates a direct pathway into the body, which carries a risk of infection.
Common Types of IV Infections
Infections related to intravenous lines generally fall into two main categories: localized infections at the insertion site and more serious bloodstream infections. Localized infections, such as phlebitis or cellulitis, affect the area where the IV catheter enters the skin. Symptoms often include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, or the presence of pus directly around the IV site.
Bloodstream infections, often called central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) when involving a central venous catheter, are more severe. These occur when bacteria or other microorganisms enter the bloodstream through the IV line. Once in the bloodstream, these pathogens can spread throughout the body, potentially affecting various organs. Symptoms of a bloodstream infection can include fever, chills, sweating, and a general feeling of being unwell.
Factors Contributing to IV Infections
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing an infection from an intravenous line. Breaches in sterile technique during IV insertion or maintenance are a primary cause. This includes inadequate hand hygiene by healthcare providers, insufficient cleansing of the patient’s skin before insertion, or using non-sterile equipment. Maintaining a sterile environment around the IV site is important.
The duration an IV line remains in place also influences infection risk; the longer the catheter is used, the higher the chance of infection. Patients with compromised immune systems, due to underlying illnesses, certain medications, or advanced age, are more susceptible to infections. The specific type of IV line also plays a role. Peripheral IVs, inserted into smaller veins, generally have a lower risk of serious infection compared to central lines, which access larger, central veins and remain in place for longer periods. Although rare, contamination within the IV fluid or medication itself before administration can also lead to an infection.
Identifying and Preventing IV Infections
Recognizing the signs of an IV infection early is important for early treatment. At the IV site, watch for increased redness, swelling, tenderness, warmth, or pus. Sometimes, a red streak might extend up the arm from the insertion point. Systemic symptoms, which indicate a more widespread infection, include fever, chills, body aches, or confusion. Report any of these signs to a healthcare provider immediately.
Patients and caregivers can play an active role in prevention. Ask healthcare providers about their hand hygiene and sterile procedures before any interaction with the IV line. It is also important to keep the IV dressing clean and dry, avoiding touching or disturbing it. Regularly monitoring the IV site for any changes and promptly reporting concerns helps identify issues early.
Healthcare professionals follow protocols to minimize infection risks. These include hand hygiene, thorough skin antisepsis before IV insertion, and using sterile dressings that are changed regularly. They assess the IV site for complications. If an infection is suspected, the IV catheter is typically removed, and appropriate treatment, such as antibiotics, will be initiated.