A yeast infection, or candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans. This yeast is naturally present in the body, but an infection occurs when the delicate balance of the microbiome is disrupted, allowing the yeast to multiply out of control. This article addresses whether protected sexual activity is a primary cause of this imbalance.
Is a Yeast Infection Sexually Transmitted?
A yeast infection is not classified as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). It is caused by an imbalance of organisms already present in the body, known as an endogenous infection. The majority of yeast infections result from internal microbial shifts, not external transmission, meaning people who are not sexually active can still develop them.
Protected sex using barrier methods, such as condoms, is highly effective at preventing STIs, but it does not prevent the biological conditions that lead to Candida overgrowth. While condoms act as a barrier to bodily fluids, they cannot stop an infection originating from an internal change. If a person has an active yeast infection, the fungus can sometimes be transmitted to a partner, even with barrier protection, though the risk is low. Condoms and dental dams help reduce the risk of transmission during sexual activity, but the primary cause remains an internal imbalance.
Common Triggers That Cause Overgrowth
The primary causes of a yeast infection are factors that disrupt the natural balance between Candida yeast and beneficial bacteria, primarily Lactobacilli, in the vaginal environment.
Medications and Hormones
Antibiotic use is a frequent trigger because these medications kill off healthy bacteria, allowing the naturally present yeast to proliferate without competition. Hormonal fluctuations also alter the vaginal environment, making it more susceptible to infection. This includes changes during pregnancy, before menstruation, or from high-dose estrogen birth control pills.
Health Conditions
Chronic medical conditions, such as poorly controlled diabetes, create an environment conducive to yeast growth, as high blood sugar levels provide an ideal food source. A weakened immune system (from conditions like HIV or certain medications) makes the body less able to keep the Candida population in check.
Lifestyle Factors
Lifestyle and hygiene practices can also disturb the microbial balance. Using irritating products like douches, scented sprays, or perfumed soaps can disrupt the natural vaginal pH. Wearing tight, non-breathable clothing or staying in wet swimwear creates a warm, moist environment that encourages yeast multiplication.
Identifying Symptoms and Seeking Treatment
Recognizing the symptoms of a yeast infection is the first step toward appropriate care. Classic signs include intense itching and irritation around the vagina and vulva. A burning sensation is also common, especially during urination or sexual intercourse.
The characteristic vaginal discharge is typically thick, white, and odorless, often described as resembling cottage cheese. The vulva may appear red and swollen, and in severe cases, small cracks or fissures can develop. Since these symptoms can mimic other vaginal infections, an accurate diagnosis is important.
Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, available in two main forms. Over-the-counter options include creams, tablets, or suppositories containing active ingredients like miconazole or clotrimazole, typically used for a one- to seven-day course. A healthcare provider may prescribe a single-dose oral medication, such as fluconazole. If symptoms are severe, recurrent, or do not clear up with over-the-counter treatment, consulting a doctor is necessary.