A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is a common bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. They are common, causing discomfort and pain, but are often treatable.
Understanding Urinary Tract Infections
A UTI occurs when bacteria enter and multiply in the urinary tract. The most common cause is Escherichia coli (E. coli), bacteria found in the digestive system. These bacteria typically enter through the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body, and can travel to the bladder, causing an infection known as cystitis. Women are more susceptible to UTIs than men due to their shorter urethra, which provides a shorter path for bacteria to reach the bladder. Poor hygiene practices, such as wiping from back to front after a bowel movement, can also introduce bacteria to the urethra.
Sexual Activity and UTI Risk
Sexual intercourse can increase the risk of developing a UTI by introducing bacteria from the perineal area into the urethra. The physical friction during sexual activity can push bacteria, often E. coli from the anal region, towards the opening of the urethra. This link is so common that UTIs occurring after frequent intercourse are sometimes referred to as “honeymoon cystitis”.
UTIs are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Instead, they are usually caused by bacteria already present on a person’s skin or in their gastrointestinal tract. While not directly “transmitted” like an STI, sexual activity can facilitate the transfer of these common bacteria into the urinary system, leading to an infection. Different bacterial strains from a partner’s body can also be introduced, contributing to this bacterial transfer.
Recognizing Symptoms and Seeking Care
Symptoms of a UTI include a strong, persistent urge to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, and passing frequent, small amounts of urine. The urine may also appear cloudy, have a strong odor, or contain traces of blood, appearing pink or reddish. Some individuals may experience pelvic pain or pressure in the lower abdomen. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, symptoms can become more severe, including fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and back pain.
Prompt medical attention is advised if these symptoms appear, as untreated UTIs can lead to kidney infections. A healthcare provider can diagnose a UTI through a urine test and prescribe antibiotics to clear the infection. To help prevent UTIs, particularly after sexual activity, individuals can urinate immediately after intercourse to help flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra. Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water can also help by promoting frequent urination, which aids in flushing bacteria from the urinary tract.