It is possible to get a strep infection while pregnant, and this situation presents unique considerations for both maternal and fetal health. Although pregnancy does not inherently increase the likelihood of contracting strep, managing such an infection during this period requires specific medical attention. Prompt identification and appropriate treatment are important to address potential implications.
Common Strep Infections During Pregnancy
Two primary types of Streptococcus bacteria are particularly relevant during pregnancy: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Group B Streptococcus (GBS). Group A Streptococcus, often known as strep throat, typically causes bacterial infections in the throat and tonsils. This type of strep is spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person.
In contrast, Group B Streptococcus is commonly found residing in the vaginal or rectal area, and about 25% of pregnant women may carry this bacterium without symptoms. GBS colonization usually does not cause illness in the pregnant individual themselves. Both types differ significantly in location and effect, leading to distinct management approaches in pregnancy.
Recognizing Symptoms and Diagnosis
Symptoms of Group A Strep infection in pregnant individuals are similar to those experienced by non-pregnant adults. These can include a sudden, severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and red or white spots on the tonsils or back of the throat. Other signs may include swollen, tender lymph nodes in the neck, headaches, and a general feeling of fatigue.
Group B Strep, however, often presents with no noticeable symptoms in the pregnant person. Diagnosis for Group A Strep involves a rapid strep test or a throat culture, where a swab from the throat is tested for the bacteria. For Group B Strep, routine screening involves a vaginal and rectal swab, usually performed between 35 and 37 weeks of pregnancy.
Risks and Treatment
Strep infections during pregnancy carry specific risks for both the expectant mother and the baby. For Group A Strep, untreated infections can lead to complications for the mother, such as rheumatic fever or kidney inflammation. While direct transmission of GAS to the fetus in the womb is unlikely, there is a risk of the infection progressing systemically if left untreated, potentially leading to sepsis in the mother. After birth, the baby can contract GAS through respiratory or oral contact.
Group B Strep poses a significant risk primarily to the newborn if transmitted during vaginal delivery. Although most babies exposed to GBS do not become ill, a small percentage can develop serious infections. These can include sepsis, pneumonia, or meningitis in the newborn, which can be life-threatening. The risk of transmission to the baby can increase if the baby is born prematurely or if the mother develops a fever during labor.
Treatment for Group A Strep involves antibiotics, such as penicillin, amoxicillin, or cephalexin, which are considered safe during pregnancy. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics to prevent complications. For Group B Strep, if a pregnant person tests positive, antibiotics are administered intravenously during labor. This intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduces the risk of the newborn developing an early-onset GBS infection.
Prevention and Management Strategies
Preventing strep infections during pregnancy involves various strategies tailored to the type of bacteria. For Group A Strep, practicing good hygiene is important, including frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water. Avoiding close contact with individuals who have active strep throat can also help reduce the risk of transmission. If symptoms suggesting GAS appear, prompt medical attention is advised for diagnosis and treatment.
For Group B Strep, routine screening in late pregnancy is a management strategy. If the screening test is positive, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended during labor. Communicating any concerns or symptoms to a healthcare provider throughout pregnancy is always important for appropriate guidance and care.