A mole, scientifically known as a nevus, is a common benign growth on the skin. These growths result from the clustering of melanocytes, specialized cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Moles can vary in their appearance, including their size, shape, and coloration. They are typically harmless.
Moles on the Tongue
Moles can appear on the tongue, although they are less common than moles found on the skin. In the oral cavity, these pigmented spots are often referred to as oral melanotic macules or oral nevi. Oral melanotic macules are more frequently observed, affecting approximately 3% of the general population, while oral nevi are rarer.
These oral pigmented lesions develop due to melanin accumulation within the tissues of the mouth. Unlike skin freckles, oral melanotic macules do not darken with sun exposure. They are often discovered incidentally during a dental examination.
Typical Appearance of Tongue Moles
A benign mole on the tongue, such as an oral melanotic macule or nevus, typically exhibits distinct characteristics. These lesions are often brown, black, blue, or grayish-brown. They are usually small, measuring less than 6 to 7 millimeters in diameter, roughly the size of a pencil eraser.
These moles commonly present as flat or slightly raised spots with a round or oval shape. Their borders are usually regular and well-defined, appearing distinct from the surrounding tongue tissue. Benign tongue moles are asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any pain, itching, or discomfort. A stable appearance over time, without noticeable changes in size, shape, or color, indicates a benign lesion.
Signs That Warrant Medical Attention
While most moles on the tongue are harmless, certain changes warrant medical evaluation. Healthcare professionals use the “ABCDE” rule, adapted for oral lesions, to identify concerning characteristics:
Asymmetry: One half of the spot does not match the other.
Border irregularity: Appears ragged, notched, or poorly defined.
Color variation: Multiple shades of brown, black, red, white, or blue.
Diameter: Larger than 6 millimeters, approximately the size of a pencil eraser.
Evolution: Any change in size, shape, or color over time.
Other evolving symptoms that necessitate professional assessment are if the mole begins to bleed, itch, or cause pain. Ulceration, or a previously flat mole becoming raised, are also concerning. Any new pigmented spot appearing on the tongue should also be examined by a dentist or doctor. Early detection of any potentially malignant lesions is important for optimal outcomes, making professional evaluation a necessary step for peace of mind.