It is a common misconception that swimming in cold water directly causes a cold. The truth is that colds are not caused by cold temperatures or being wet, but rather by viral infections. However, exposure to cold water can influence the body’s susceptibility to these viruses.
The True Culprits Behind Colds
A common cold is a viral infection of the nose and throat. Over 200 different viruses can cause colds, with rhinoviruses being the most frequent culprits, responsible for 30% to 80% of cases. Other common cold-causing viruses include coronaviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
These viruses spread easily from person to person, primarily through airborne droplets released when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. You can also contract a cold by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth.
Cold Exposure and Your Immune System
Exposure to cold can influence the body’s physiological responses, which might indirectly affect immune function. When exposed to cold, the body’s blood vessels, particularly in the extremities, undergo vasoconstriction, meaning they narrow to reduce heat loss and redirect blood flow to the core. This temporary reduction in circulation to areas like the nose and throat could potentially affect the local immune response.
Some research suggests that cold temperatures can temporarily reduce the effectiveness of immune cells in the nasal passages and slow the movement of protective mucus, making it easier for viruses to establish an infection. Studies have indicated that a modest drop in nasal tissue temperature can significantly reduce the innate immune response in the nose.
Preventing Colds After Cold Water Exposure
For individuals engaging in cold water activities, several practices can help support immune function and reduce the risk of catching a cold. After exiting cold water, dry off thoroughly and quickly, as wet clothes can continue to cool the body through evaporation. Changing into warm, dry layers immediately helps the body rewarm safely and effectively.
Consuming a warm drink or a small, sugary snack can also assist in the rewarming process and replenish energy stores. Maintaining good overall hygiene is important. Regularly washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after being in public spaces or before eating, helps prevent the spread of viruses. Adequate sleep and a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables also contribute to a robust immune system.