Gum recession is a common dental concern where gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulls back or wears away. This exposes more of the tooth, or even the tooth’s root, creating visible changes in the mouth. Addressing this condition is important for oral health and aesthetics, as it can lead to complications if left unmanaged.
Understanding Gum Recession
Gum recession involves the gradual loss of gum tissue around the teeth, leading to the exposure of the underlying root surface. Gum tissue, once lost, does not naturally regenerate on its own. This means interventions are often required to address the exposed areas.
The exposure of tooth roots can lead to increased tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet stimuli. It also makes the exposed root surfaces more vulnerable to dental decay, as root surfaces are softer than enamel and more susceptible to acid attacks. Receding gums can also affect the appearance of a smile, making teeth appear longer than normal.
Causes of Gum Recession
Aggressive or improper toothbrushing, such as brushing too hard or using stiff bristles, can wear away gum tissue. Poor oral hygiene, which allows for the accumulation of plaque and hardened tartar, also plays a significant role. These bacterial deposits can irritate and inflame the gums, leading to conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis, which cause gum tissue to detach and recede.
Other factors contributing to gum recession include:
- Genetic predisposition
- Hormonal fluctuations, such as during pregnancy or menopause
- Tobacco use, which compromises gum health and impairs the body’s ability to fight gum disease
- Misaligned teeth or a history of orthodontic treatment, which can place stress on gum tissues
- Chronic teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), which exerts excessive force on teeth and supporting structures
Non-Surgical Treatments
Professional deep cleaning, known as scaling and root planing, is a primary non-surgical approach to treating gum recession caused by gum disease. This procedure involves meticulously removing plaque and tartar deposits from above and below the gum line. Root surfaces are then smoothed to eliminate bacterial toxins and help the gums reattach to the tooth. This process reduces inflammation and can prevent further recession.
Dental bonding offers a way to cover exposed root surfaces and alleviate sensitivity without surgery. A tooth-colored composite resin, similar to material used for fillings, is applied to the exposed root and shaped to blend with the natural tooth. This material hardens under a special light, camouflaging the recessed area and providing a protective barrier. Desensitizing agents or varnishes can also be applied to the exposed root surfaces to reduce discomfort. These products contain compounds like fluoride or potassium nitrate, which help block the tiny tubules on the root surface, decreasing nerve sensitivity.
Surgical Solutions
When gum recession is more advanced, surgical interventions are often necessary to restore the gum line and protect the tooth root. Gum grafting procedures are the most common surgical solutions, involving the transfer of tissue from one part of the mouth to the area of recession.
A connective tissue graft involves taking tissue from beneath the surface of the roof of the mouth and attaching it to the receded area. This method is widely used for its natural-looking results and stable new gum line. A free gingival graft also uses tissue from the roof of the mouth, taking a small piece of the surface tissue directly. This type of graft is often employed when a larger area of gum tissue is needed to increase gum thickness. Pedicle grafts utilize gum tissue from an adjacent tooth, where the tissue is partially cut and rotated over the exposed root, maintaining its blood supply. This technique is only feasible with sufficient gum tissue next to the receded area. These grafting procedures aim to cover the exposed root, reduce sensitivity, and improve the overall aesthetics of the smile.
Preventing Further Recession
Adopting proper, gentle brushing techniques with a soft-bristled toothbrush is important for preventing further gum recession. Brushing in small, circular motions rather than aggressive back-and-forth scrubbing helps protect the delicate gum tissue. Maintaining excellent oral hygiene, including daily flossing to remove plaque and food particles from between teeth and along the gum line, is also highly effective. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings, typically every six months, allow dentists to monitor gum health and address issues before they worsen.
Addressing underlying conditions like teeth grinding or clenching, often through a custom-fitted night guard, can significantly reduce forces contributing to gum recession. Seeking orthodontic treatment for misaligned teeth can also alleviate uneven pressure distribution across the dental arch, which can otherwise strain gum tissues. Following these proactive measures and professional guidance can help maintain gum health and prevent recession progression.