The human body contains four parathyroid glands, small endocrine organs that regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. A common concern arises regarding the ability to feel a parathyroid tumor in the neck. While this is a natural question, these tumors are typically not palpable through touch.
Parathyroid Gland Location and Palpability
The parathyroid glands are located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland. Each gland is small, typically 3-5 millimeters, about the size of a pea or smaller. This small size contributes significantly to their non-palpability.
They are located deep within the neck, nestled among muscles, blood vessels, and other tissues. This protected, somewhat hidden position makes it challenging to feel them from the outside. Even when a parathyroid gland develops a tumor (an adenoma), it usually remains too small and deeply seated to be detected by external palpation. In contrast, other types of neck lumps, such as swollen lymph nodes or thyroid nodules, are often more superficial and can be readily felt.
Recognizing Hyperparathyroidism
Since parathyroid tumors are rarely felt, recognizing their presence often relies on observing the symptoms they cause. Most parathyroid tumors lead to a condition called primary hyperparathyroidism, where the overactive gland produces too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This excess PTH causes elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia).
The symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are diverse and can affect various body systems. Individuals might experience fatigue, muscle weakness, or bone pain due to calcium being leached from bones. Other common indicators include frequent urination, increased thirst, and the formation of kidney stones. Cognitive issues like difficulty concentrating and mood disturbances such as depression can also arise from prolonged high calcium levels.
When to Consult a Doctor
Given that parathyroid tumors are seldom felt, it is important to focus on the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. If you notice persistent fatigue, unusual bone pain, or other symptoms associated with elevated calcium levels, seek medical advice. These symptoms can be subtle and develop gradually, so paying attention to any changes in your overall well-being is important.
If you discover any new or unusual lump in your neck, a medical professional should evaluate it, regardless of whether you suspect it is related to your parathyroid glands. While a parathyroid tumor is unlikely to be palpable, other neck masses could indicate different conditions that require diagnosis and treatment. Self-diagnosis is not appropriate, and a doctor’s assessment is necessary for any concerning physical changes or symptoms.
How Doctors Diagnose
The diagnostic process for parathyroid tumors primarily involves laboratory tests and specialized imaging. Doctors begin by ordering blood tests to measure calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Elevated levels of both calcium and PTH are strong indicators of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Once blood tests suggest an overactive parathyroid gland, imaging studies locate the specific tumor. Common techniques include neck ultrasound, which visualizes glands, and Sestamibi scans, a nuclear imaging method using a radioactive tracer absorbed by overactive tissue. CT scans or MRI may also be utilized, especially if the tumor is in an unusual location or if initial imaging is inconclusive. These specialized tests allow medical professionals to accurately diagnose and pinpoint the affected gland, a process not achievable through self-palpation.