Ingesting dry ice is extraordinarily dangerous and can cause life-threatening injuries. It is not a consumable substance. Dry ice is a common commercial product used for its intense cooling capabilities, but its physical properties make it hazardous if swallowed. The substance is the solid form of carbon dioxide, and its extreme temperature poses a significant threat to biological tissue. Any attempt to eat or drink dry ice will result in severe medical emergencies requiring professional intervention.
What Exactly Is Dry Ice?
Dry ice is the solid state of carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)). Unlike regular water ice, which melts into a liquid, dry ice transitions directly from a solid to a gas, a process known as sublimation. This material is frigid, maintaining a surface temperature of approximately \(-109.3^\circ \text{F}\) (or \(-78.5^\circ \text{C}\)) at atmospheric pressure. Its extreme cold and residue-free nature make it highly effective for preserving frozen goods during transport or creating theatrical fog effects.
It is manufactured by compressing and cooling \(\text{CO}_2\) gas until it liquefies, then allowing it to expand and freeze into blocks or pellets. The lack of an intermediate liquid phase earned the substance the name “dry ice.”
The Immediate Danger: Sublimation and Gas Expansion
The primary danger of ingesting dry ice stems from its rapid transformation into gas within the confined space of the digestive tract. When the solid touches the body’s interior, it instantly begins to sublimate. This phase change generates an enormous volume of carbon dioxide gas almost instantaneously.
The conversion of solid \(\text{CO}_2\) to gaseous \(\text{CO}_2\) results in a massive volume increase, with some estimates suggesting a ratio of over 535-to-1. This rapid expansion creates an intense internal pressure build-up. Since internal organs are not designed to accommodate such a sudden pressure change, this mechanism can cause catastrophic damage. This pressure is a significant mechanical force that can lead to the rupture of the gastrointestinal lining.
Internal Injuries From Ingestion
Ingestion causes two main categories of severe medical trauma: thermal and mechanical injuries. The extreme cold causes immediate, deep cryogenic burns to any tissue it contacts. The lining of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach can be instantly frozen and severely damaged. This thermal injury leads to tissue death and the formation of deep ulcers in the digestive tract, potentially causing internal bleeding and long-term scarring.
Simultaneously, the massive internal gas pressure generated by rapid sublimation acts as a mechanical force. This pressure can cause a full-thickness tear, or perforation, in the wall of the stomach or esophagus. A perforated organ is a life-threatening emergency because it allows digestive contents to spill into the abdominal cavity, leading to widespread infection and sepsis. The combination of tissue freezing and catastrophic pressure means even a small amount of ingested dry ice requires complex surgical intervention.
Emergency Response and Safe Handling
If dry ice is accidentally swallowed, immediate action is required. Call emergency services immediately, stating clearly that dry ice has been ingested. Do not attempt to induce vomiting, as the forceful action could exacerbate a perforation or tear in the damaged esophagus or stomach lining. Wait for professional medical guidance and focus on keeping the patient calm. Never use dry ice in beverages or food that will be consumed to avoid accidental ingestion.
Safe Handling Guidelines
For safe handling, follow these guidelines:
- Always wear thick, insulated gloves when touching dry ice to prevent frostbite.
- Never store dry ice in an airtight container, as the sublimating gas will build up pressure and cause the container to explode.
- Store it in an insulated container with a loosely fitting lid.
- Always keep it in a well-ventilated area because the heavy \(\text{CO}_2\) gas can displace oxygen, presenting an asphyxiation hazard.
- Ensure that dry ice is stored securely out of the reach of children and pets.