Drowning is defined as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in liquid. This definition encompasses a range of outcomes, from no health complications to death, and doesn’t necessarily involve water entering the lungs. Understanding the different ways drowning can occur is important for recognizing potential dangers and seeking appropriate care.
How Drowning Usually Happens
In many drowning incidents, water does enter the lungs. When someone is submerged and can no longer hold their breath, they may involuntarily gasp, leading to water aspiration into the airways. This water then travels into the delicate air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli.
Once in the alveoli, water interferes with gas exchange. It can damage the alveolar lining and wash out surfactant, a substance that helps keep the air sacs open. This disruption causes the lungs to stiffen and fill with fluid, making it difficult to breathe and effectively depriving the body of oxygen.
When Water Stays Out of the Lungs
Sometimes, drowning can occur even when water doesn’t reach the lungs. This happens when water that enters the nose or mouth irritates the larynx, triggering a protective reflex called laryngospasm. The vocal cords involuntarily clamp shut, sealing off the airway.
While this reflex prevents water from entering the lungs, it also blocks air from getting in. This obstruction leads to suffocation, despite their lungs remaining “dry.” The event typically occurs very quickly, often immediately after exiting the water or within a short period.
Delayed Drowning Symptoms
Another form of drowning complication is “secondary drowning.” This occurs when a small amount of water is inhaled into the lungs. Instead, this aspirated water irritates the lung lining, leading to inflammation and a buildup of fluid in the lungs, a condition called pulmonary edema.
This fluid accumulation can develop gradually over several hours, or even up to 24 hours, after the water exposure. The presence of fluid impairs the lungs’ ability to effectively transfer oxygen to the bloodstream. Symptoms that might emerge later include persistent coughing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and unusual fatigue or lethargy.
Recognizing Danger Signs and Seeking Care
After any water-related incident, even if it seems minor, it is important to be aware of potential danger signs. Symptoms such as persistent coughing, especially if severe or accompanied by labored breathing, warrant attention. Trouble breathing may manifest as rapid, shallow breaths, visible chest retractions, or flaring nostrils.
Other indicators that someone may not be getting enough oxygen include unusual tiredness, lethargy, or changes in behavior such as irritability or confusion. Vomiting or complaints of chest pain can also signal complications. If any of these symptoms appear after being in or around water, seeking immediate medical attention is advisable.
Healthcare professionals can assess the situation and provide necessary interventions, which may range from observation to more advanced respiratory support.