The Mediterranean Diet (MD) prioritizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats like olive oil. Wine is traditionally incorporated into the MD, but its role is strictly one of moderation and is typically tied to mealtimes. While included, wine consumption is optional; it is not a requirement to begin drinking to follow this diet for health benefits.
The Role of Wine in the Mediterranean Lifestyle
Wine’s inclusion in the Mediterranean lifestyle is more cultural than dietary, acting as a social and communal element. Historically, wine has been a traditional accompaniment to meals and social gatherings in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This views wine as part of the overall dining experience, fostering conviviality and connection.
The preference is generally for red wine, consumed slowly over the course of a meal. This pattern contrasts sharply with binge drinking, which is strongly discouraged. Integrating wine into the meal structure distinguishes it from a beverage consumed solely for perceived health advantages and contributes to adherence to the MD pattern.
Defining Moderate Consumption
Moderate consumption is a precise guideline defined by major health organizations. For adult women, moderation is strictly limited to a maximum of one standard drink per day. For adult men, the limit is set at up to two standard drinks per day.
A standard drink of wine is defined as a 5-ounce (150 mL) serving, assuming about 12% alcohol by volume (ABV). Adhering to this specific serving size is important, as many wine glasses hold significantly more than five ounces. Wine should be consumed with food, which aids in slowing the absorption of alcohol.
Individuals who currently abstain from alcohol should not begin drinking to adhere to the Mediterranean Diet. The daily consumption guideline is a limit, not a quota, meaning drinking every day is not necessary. Benefits are associated only with this pattern of light consumption, and exceeding these limits negates any potential advantages.
Health Considerations and Who Should Abstain
Red wine contains polyphenols, such as resveratrol, which are antioxidants found in the grape skins. These compounds have been studied for their potential to protect the lining of blood vessels and lower LDL cholesterol. However, these components can be obtained from non-alcoholic sources like grapes and berries, so one should not drink wine purely for this reason.
While moderate consumption is part of the MD, specific groups should abstain from wine. Individuals who are pregnant or trying to conceive must abstain from all alcohol due to the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. People with certain chronic conditions, such as liver disease, pancreatitis, or specific heart conditions, should also avoid alcohol entirely.
Wine can interact dangerously with various medications, including sedatives, pain relievers, and certain drugs for high blood pressure. Anyone with a history of alcohol dependency or those who struggle with controlling their intake should also refrain from drinking. These groups can follow the MD effectively by substituting wine with water or other non-alcoholic beverages.