A finger dislocation occurs when the bones that form a joint are forced out of their normal alignment, meaning the joint surfaces are no longer in proper contact. While distinct from a fracture, it is painful and noticeable due to bone displacement.
How Finger Dislocations Occur
Finger dislocations frequently result from significant force applied to the hand. These injuries often happen during sports activities, particularly those involving balls, where a direct impact can jam the finger. Hyperextension, where the finger is bent backward beyond its normal range of motion, is another common mechanism that can cause ligaments to tear and bones to displace. Twisting forces can also lead to a dislocation, wrenching the joint out of position.
Any of the small joints in the fingers can dislocate. The proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, the middle joint of the finger, is most commonly affected. Dislocations can also occur at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, near the fingertip, or the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, at the base of the finger where it connects to the hand.
Recognizing a Dislocated Finger
Recognizing a dislocated finger involves several signs. The most apparent is an obvious deformity, with the finger appearing crooked or visibly out of alignment. Swelling around the affected joint begins immediately, and bruising may develop.
The injury is usually accompanied by intense pain and tenderness at the site of the dislocation. Movement of the injured finger will be limited or impossible. Numbness or tingling may also occur, especially in severe cases.
Immediate Steps After a Finger Dislocation
If a finger dislocation is suspected, avoid attempting to “pop” the finger back into place yourself. Trying to realign the bones without training can cause further damage to surrounding structures like ligaments, tendons, nerves, or blood vessels.
To manage the injury, immobilize the affected finger by gently taping it to an adjacent, healthy finger, often called “buddy taping.” Applying ice to the injured area can help reduce swelling and pain. Elevating the hand helps decrease swelling. Remove any rings or jewelry immediately to prevent complications from swelling.
Seek professional medical attention promptly. A healthcare provider can assess the injury, often using X-rays to confirm dislocation and rule out fractures. Delaying medical care can lead to prolonged healing or permanent issues.
Medical Treatment and Recovery
Treatment typically begins with reduction. A healthcare professional carefully realigns the dislocated bones back into their proper position, often with local anesthetic to minimize pain. After reduction, an X-ray confirms alignment and checks for fractures.
The finger is then immobilized to protect the joint. This involves splinting or buddy taping for 3 to 6 weeks, depending on severity. Recovery varies, with most regaining function within 6 to 12 weeks, though stiffness may persist for several months. Physical therapy is often recommended to restore strength, flexibility, and range of motion.
Preventing Finger Dislocations
While not all dislocations are preventable, several strategies can minimize risk. Wearing protective gear, such as gloves, during sports can provide protection. Taping techniques, like buddy taping, can offer support to vulnerable joints during sports.
Practicing proper technique in sports and other activities reduces awkward impacts or excessive forces. Maintaining hand and finger strength and flexibility through exercise contributes to joint stability. Awareness of hand placement and avoiding situations where fingers might get caught can further reduce risk.