The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the jawbone to the skull just in front of each ear, functioning as a sliding hinge. Problems affecting this joint and the surrounding muscles are known as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). These conditions can develop at any point in life, including in adulthood, and often involve multiple contributing factors.
Understanding Why TMJ Can Appear Later in Life
The development of TMJ disorders in adulthood can stem from various sources. One common factor is the presence of different types of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, which can affect the jaw joint. Physical injury or trauma to the jaw, head, or neck—perhaps from an accident, sports, or certain dental procedures—can precipitate TMJ symptoms.
Chronic habits like teeth grinding or clenching, known as bruxism, stress the jaw joint and its components, potentially leading to wear or displacement. This can be exacerbated by psychological stress, which often causes people to unconsciously tighten their facial and jaw muscles. Degenerative changes within the joint’s disc, a small shock-absorbing cushion, or its displacement can also disrupt smooth jaw movement and contribute to TMD. Certain connective tissue diseases may also increase the risk of developing these disorders.
Key Indicators of TMJ in Adulthood
Adults developing TMJ disorders often experience a range of symptoms. A common sign is pain or tenderness in the jaw, but this discomfort can also spread to the face, neck, or around the ear. Individuals might notice clicking, popping, or a grating sensation when they open or close their mouth, or while chewing.
Chewing can become difficult or uncomfortable, and some people may experience a limited range of motion in their jaw, or even instances where the jaw feels “stuck” or “locked” in either an open or closed position. Headaches, often resembling tension headaches, are also frequently reported, along with earaches or a ringing sound in the ears, known as tinnitus, not caused by an ear infection. Occasionally, facial swelling on one side of the face may also be observed.
Steps for Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosing a TMJ disorder begins with an evaluation by a healthcare professional, such as a dentist or doctor, and a detailed patient history. A physical examination involves checking the jaw for pain or tenderness, assessing its range of motion, and listening for any clicking, popping, or grating sounds during movement. In some cases, imaging tests like dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may be ordered to visualize the bones of the joint or to check for issues with the joint’s disc or surrounding soft tissues.
Management of TMJ disorders focuses on conservative, non-invasive approaches. Simple lifestyle adjustments can provide relief, such as adopting a soft diet to reduce jaw strain and avoiding habits like gum chewing or nail-biting. Over-the-counter pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medications can help manage discomfort. Stress management techniques, stretching exercises for the jaw, and the use of a custom-made nightguard to prevent teeth grinding during sleep are also common recommendations. Physical therapy, including jaw exercises and hands-on techniques, may also be suggested to improve muscle function and joint movement.