Glucagon cannot be purchased over the counter. It is a prescription-only medication used to treat severe episodes of low blood sugar, also known as hypoglycemia, primarily in individuals with diabetes. This hormone plays a life-saving role in emergencies where blood glucose levels drop to dangerous lows, and the affected person cannot consume sugar orally.
Understanding Glucagon’s Role
Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Its primary function is to raise blood glucose levels, counteracting insulin’s effects. When blood sugar drops too low, the pancreas releases glucagon, signaling the liver to convert stored glucose (glycogen) into usable glucose. This process, known as glycogenolysis, quickly elevates blood sugar.
Glucagon also promotes gluconeogenesis, creating new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids, especially during prolonged fasting. This ensures a continuous energy supply when dietary glucose is unavailable. It is used as an emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia, often occurring in people with diabetes using insulin or other medications that lower blood sugar. In such situations, individuals may become unconscious, have a seizure, or cannot consume carbohydrates orally.
Why Glucagon Requires a Prescription
Glucagon is a prescription-only medication due to its potent physiological effects and the need for careful medical oversight. Administering it requires a proper diagnosis of severe hypoglycemia, as its use in other situations could be harmful. For instance, in individuals with specific tumors like pheochromocytoma, glucagon can cause dangerous increases in blood pressure.
The medication’s rapid action and emergency nature necessitate that individuals or caregivers are trained in its correct administration. Incorrect use or dosage could lead to adverse effects or delay appropriate medical intervention. Regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), classify glucagon as a prescription drug to ensure patient safety and proper usage under professional guidance.
How to Obtain Glucagon
To obtain glucagon, individuals must get a prescription from a healthcare provider. This involves a consultation with a doctor, such as a primary care physician or an endocrinologist. The doctor will assess the patient’s medical history, current medications, and risk factors for severe hypoglycemia before issuing a prescription if medically necessary.
Once prescribed, glucagon can be filled at a pharmacy like other medications. It is important to discuss the different available forms with the healthcare provider, including traditional kits requiring mixing, pre-mixed injectable pens, or nasal sprays, to choose the most suitable option.
Administering Glucagon and Post-Treatment Steps
For injectable forms, administration involves injecting into a large muscle, such as the outer thigh or upper arm. Nasal glucagon is administered as a powder into one nostril using a specialized device, offering a needle-free option. Caregivers should be trained on the specific device and always follow the instructions provided with the kit.
After administering glucagon, immediately call for emergency medical assistance, such as 911, even if the person appears to be recovering. Turn the individual onto their side, as vomiting is a common side effect. Once awake and able to swallow, give them a fast-acting carbohydrate source, like glucose tablets or juice, followed by a longer-acting carbohydrate to prevent blood sugar from dropping again. Inform a healthcare provider about the episode and glucagon use to review and potentially adjust the patient’s diabetes management plan.