Yes, it is possible for your eyes to get sunburned, a condition medically known as photokeratitis. This painful, temporary eye condition occurs due to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, primarily from the sun.
Understanding Sunburn of the Eye
Photokeratitis is essentially a sunburn that affects the surface of the eye, specifically the cornea and conjunctiva. The cornea is the clear outer layer, and the conjunctiva is the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays are primarily responsible for this damage to the cells on the eye’s surface. UVA rays, while less potent, can penetrate deeper into the eye.
Exposure to UV radiation can come from various sources. Prolonged time outdoors without proper eye protection is a common cause. Reflective surfaces such as snow, ice, water, sand, or cement can increase exposure by bouncing UV rays into the eyes. This is why photokeratitis is sometimes referred to as “snow blindness.” Artificial UV sources, including tanning beds, welding arcs, and certain lamps like halogen or mercury vapor, can also cause this condition.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Symptoms of photokeratitis often do not appear immediately after exposure, manifesting several hours later. The discomfort can range from mild to severe and usually affects both eyes. A common sensation is a gritty feeling, as if sand or dirt is in the eye.
Other symptoms include eye pain, redness, excessive tearing, and sensitivity to light. Blurred vision and swelling of the eyelids can also occur. Symptoms can include headaches, seeing halos around lights, or even temporary vision loss. The intensity of symptoms can vary based on the duration and severity of UV exposure.
Immediate Care and When to Seek Medical Help
If you suspect your eyes are sunburned, taking immediate steps can help manage the discomfort.
- Move to a dark environment to reduce light sensitivity.
- Apply cool compresses over closed eyes for relief.
- Avoid rubbing your eyes, as this can further irritate them.
- Remove contact lenses immediately to allow your eyes to heal.
- Take over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol.
- Use artificial tears to lubricate the eyes and reduce irritation.
While photokeratitis resolves on its own within one to two days, professional medical attention may be necessary. You should seek medical help if symptoms are severe, if they do not improve within 24 to 48 hours, or if your vision is significantly impaired or changes persist. An eye care professional can properly diagnose the condition and rule out other eye injuries or infections.
Protecting Your Eyes from Sun Damage
Protecting your eyes from sun damage is important for preventing both acute photokeratitis and long-term eye problems. Wearing sunglasses that block 99-100% of both UVA and UVB rays is recommended. Look for labels indicating “UV400” or “100% UV protection.” The darkness or color of the lenses does not indicate their UV protection level; always check for proper labeling. Wraparound or larger frames offer greater protection by blocking rays from the sides.
Wearing a wide-brimmed hat along with sunglasses provides additional shade and protection. Understanding that UV light can penetrate clouds and reflect off various surfaces also helps in consistent protection. Chronic exposure to UV radiation accumulates over time and can increase the risk of serious eye conditions, including cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Growths on the eye, such as pterygium and pinguecula, are also associated with long-term sun exposure.