Yes, the sun can indeed burn your eyeballs, a condition medically known as photokeratitis. This is not a literal burn from heat, but a form of sunburn. Like skin, the delicate tissues of your eyes are susceptible to excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
What is Eye Sunburn?
Photokeratitis is a painful eye condition caused by unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. It primarily impacts the cornea, the clear outer layer at the front of the eye, and the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and inside the eyelids. UV radiation damages cells in these outer layers, leading to inflammation and discomfort. The cornea’s many nerve endings make this damage particularly painful.
Signs and Sensations
Symptoms of eye sunburn typically appear 30 minutes to 12 hours after exposure. Common sensations include a gritty feeling, like sand in the eyes, along with pain and redness. Other signs involve excessive tearing, sensitivity to bright light (photophobia), and sometimes blurred vision. Though uncomfortable, these symptoms are generally temporary and resolve within 24 to 48 hours.
Sources of Harmful UV
Harmful UV radiation causing photokeratitis comes from various sources beyond direct sunlight. Reflections off surfaces like snow, water, ice, and sand are significant contributors. Snow, for instance, can reflect up to 88 percent of UV rays, greatly increasing exposure, especially at higher altitudes. Artificial sources also pose a risk, including intense light from welding arcs and UV from tanning beds.
Essential Eye Protection
Protecting your eyes from UV radiation prevents photokeratitis and long-term damage. Wear sunglasses that block 99-100% of both UVA and UVB rays; look for labels like “UV400” or “100% UV protection.” Wrap-around styles or those with side panels offer enhanced protection by blocking light from the sides. A wide-brimmed hat provides further shade, reducing direct and reflected UV exposure. Use eye protection even on cloudy days, as UV rays can penetrate cloud cover.
Managing Sun-Damaged Eyes
If you suspect sunburned eyes, prompt action can alleviate discomfort.
- Move indoors to a darkened room to reduce light exposure.
- If wearing contact lenses, remove them immediately to prevent further irritation.
- Apply a cool, damp compress over closed eyes to soothe pain and reduce swelling.
- Avoid rubbing your eyes, as this worsens irritation.
- Over-the-counter pain relievers can manage discomfort, and artificial tears may help with dryness and the gritty sensation.
Symptoms typically resolve within one to two days, but if pain is severe, symptoms worsen, or vision is significantly impaired, seek medical attention.