Candles are often used to create a soothing atmosphere, but for pregnant individuals, their safety requires careful consideration. The decision to burn a candle depends entirely on the specific materials used in its construction and the fragrance it contains. Concerns about safety arise from combustion and the subsequent release of various compounds into the air. Understanding the ingredients and how they burn allows for informed choices that support a healthy environment.
Understanding the Airborne Concerns
The primary concern with burning any candle is the release of microscopic byproducts from the flame and the heated materials. Combustion naturally generates particulate matter, which are tiny solid particles that can remain suspended in the air. These particles, often referred to as soot, can affect the quality of indoor air, potentially irritating the respiratory system upon inhalation.
A second issue involves the emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) when certain candle materials are heated or burned. VOCs are gases released from solids or liquids, and they are the main chemical concern for fetal exposure. These compounds, such as benzene and toluene, are known to be released from some types of candle wax. Since these chemicals become airborne, they can be inhaled, making the candle’s composition a significant factor in indoor air quality.
The Impact of Wax Type
The base material of the candle, or the wax, is a major contributor to the amount of particulate matter and VOCs released. Paraffin wax, which is derived from petroleum, is one of the most common materials used in commercial candles. When paraffin burns, it releases higher levels of VOCs, including toluene and benzene, compared to natural alternatives. For this reason, avoiding paraffin-based candles during pregnancy is often suggested.
Natural waxes offer a cleaner-burning alternative that produces less soot and fewer harmful VOCs. Options like soy, beeswax, and coconut wax are derived from renewable sources and are preferred for indoor use. When selecting a candle, ensure the wick is made from cotton or paper, as metal-cored wicks were historically made with lead, a known neurotoxin. Although lead-cored wicks were banned in the United States in 2003, verifying the presence of a natural fiber wick is a simple step toward a safer burn.
Scents and Essential Oils During Pregnancy
Beyond the wax itself, the fragrance component introduces another layer of concern. Many strongly scented candles use synthetic fragrance oils, which may contain chemicals known as phthalates to help carry and prolong the scent. Phthalates are considered endocrine-disrupting chemicals linked to reproductive harms, including increased risk of pregnancy loss and factors for gestational diabetes. Choosing candles explicitly labeled as “phthalate-free” or “fragrance-free” can mitigate this exposure risk.
Some candles are scented using concentrated essential oils, which carry unique considerations for pregnant individuals. The term “natural” does not automatically mean a product is safe, as several essential oils are powerful compounds that can stimulate the uterus. Oils such as clary sage, rosemary, cinnamon bark, and jasmine are often advised to be avoided throughout pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, due to their potential to induce contractions. Consult a healthcare provider for a list of pregnancy-safe essential oils before using any naturally scented products.
Reducing Exposure and Non-Combustion Alternatives
For those who choose to burn safer candles made from natural waxes and phthalate-free fragrances, several simple practices can further minimize exposure. Always ensure the room is well-ventilated, such as by opening a window slightly, to prevent the accumulation of airborne particles and VOCs. Trimming the wick to about one-quarter inch before each use helps promote a cleaner flame and significantly reduces soot production. Limiting the total burn time can also reduce overall exposure to the candle’s emissions.
If minimizing exposure is the priority, non-combustion alternatives offer a flame-free way to scent the home.
Electric Warmers
Electric wax warmers can be used with natural wax melts and phthalate-free fragrance oils. They heat the wax just enough to release the scent without burning it.
Diffusers
Diffusers are another option that can be used with pregnancy-safe essential oils. They disperse the fragrance into the air as a fine mist instead of smoke or soot. These methods allow for the enjoyment of aroma without the chemical concerns associated with burning.