It is generally considered safe for mothers with Hepatitis B to breastfeed their infants. Medical professionals widely support breastfeeding in these cases, provided specific preventative measures are taken for the newborn. These precautions are highly effective in protecting the baby from the virus.
Understanding Hepatitis B and Transmission
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by HBV. The virus primarily spreads through contact with infected blood and other body fluids, such as semen and vaginal fluids. Mother-to-child transmission most commonly occurs during the birthing process when the infant is exposed to the mother’s blood and bodily fluids.
While HBV DNA can be detected in breast milk, studies show it is not an efficient route for transmitting the virus. The risk of transmission through breastfeeding is negligible when the infant receives appropriate medical prophylaxis at birth.
Key Safeguards for the Infant
Protecting newborns from Hepatitis B involves two main interventions administered shortly after birth. These measures significantly reduce the risk of the baby acquiring the infection.
First, the infant receives a dose of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG). HBIG provides immediate, but temporary, protection by supplying the baby with antibodies that fight the virus. This injection is given within 12 hours of birth.
Second, the newborn receives the first dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine. This vaccine stimulates the baby’s immune system to produce its own antibodies, providing long-lasting active immunity. The initial vaccine dose should also be given within 12 to 24 hours of birth.
Both HBIG and the Hepatitis B vaccine are administered simultaneously, but at different injection sites, to ensure maximum effectiveness. This dual approach is highly effective, preventing perinatal transmission in up to 94% of cases. Following the initial dose, the infant will complete the full vaccine series to establish complete protection. After the vaccine series is complete, infants are tested to confirm they have developed protective antibodies.
Special Considerations for Breastfeeding
If a mother experiences cracked or bleeding nipples, it is advisable to temporarily avoid breastfeeding from the affected breast. This precaution is due to the potential presence of blood, which could increase the risk of transmission to the infant.
To maintain milk supply during this temporary pause, mothers can express and discard milk from the affected breast. During this time, alternative feeding methods such as formula or pasteurized donor human milk can be used. Breastfeeding can resume once the nipples have healed and there is no longer any bleeding.
Mothers taking antiviral medications for Hepatitis B should discuss their treatment plan with their healthcare provider. Some antiviral drugs, such as tenofovir and lamivudine, are considered compatible with breastfeeding, with minimal amounts passing into breast milk. Open communication with healthcare providers ensures that both maternal health and infant safety are prioritized.