Reactions to gold are a common concern for jewelry wearers. While pure 24-karat gold is generally non-reactive, the gold in most jewelry is not entirely pure. It’s mixed with other metals for strength and durability, which are often the true source of skin reactions.
Understanding Gold Sensitivity
Pure 24-karat gold is too soft for most jewelry, so it is combined with other metals like nickel, copper, palladium, or zinc to create a stronger material. Nickel is a frequent culprit, as up to 18% of the population has an allergy to it.
Gold, despite its general non-reactivity, can sometimes trigger an immune response. This occurs when gold ions, released from the metal, bind to proteins in the skin. This binding transforms gold into a hapten, a small molecule provoking an immune reaction. This leads to a true gold allergy, distinct from alloyed metal allergies.
Reaction likelihood depends on gold’s karat. Lower karat gold, such as 10K or 14K, contains a higher percentage of these allergenic alloy metals, making reactions more probable. Conversely, higher karat gold (18K or 22K) has more pure gold and fewer alloyed metals, reducing irritation risk. Gold-plated items can also cause irritation if the plating wears off, exposing the base metals underneath.
Signs of a Reaction
Reactions to gold or its alloys often manifest as contact dermatitis where jewelry touches the skin. Common symptoms include redness, inflammation, itching, or a burning sensation.
A rash, dry patches, or flaky/cracked skin may appear. In severe cases, small blisters can form. Symptoms vary and may appear within hours or days.
What to Do If You Suspect an Allergy
If you suspect a reaction to gold jewelry, remove the item immediately. Clean the affected skin with mild soap and water to remove irritants. For mild symptoms, over-the-counter remedies like hydrocortisone cream or antihistamines can help alleviate discomfort.
Consult a dermatologist if symptoms persist or worsen. A dermatologist can diagnose the cause, often through a patch test. This test involves applying small amounts of common allergens, including gold and alloy metals like nickel, to identify the trigger.
Managing a diagnosed allergy involves choosing appropriate jewelry. Opt for hypoallergenic options such as platinum, titanium, or surgical-grade stainless steel. When selecting gold, prioritize higher karat gold, ideally 18K or 24K, as it contains fewer alloy metals. Look for nickel-free jewelry to minimize reaction risk.