It is possible to experience a reaction to gold jewelry, though the irritation is typically not from the pure gold itself. These reactions usually stem from other metals mixed with gold to create jewelry. The pure metal is generally well-tolerated by the body.
Why Reactions Occur
Pure gold, known as 24-karat (24K) gold, is too soft for most jewelry applications. To increase durability, gold is combined with other metals, forming an alloy. The karatage indicates the proportion of pure gold; for example, 18K gold is 75% pure, while 14K gold is 58.3% gold.
These alloying metals often cause allergic reactions. Nickel is the most frequent cause of jewelry allergies, but copper, silver, and zinc can also trigger sensitivities. When these metals come into contact with the skin, they can cause a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, where the immune system identifies the metal as a foreign substance, leading to contact dermatitis.
Identifying the Signs
An allergic reaction to jewelry typically manifests as symptoms where the piece touches the skin. Common signs include redness, itching, and swelling. A rash may also appear, sometimes with blistering, flaking, or crusting.
These symptoms can develop shortly after contact or after prolonged exposure. While these reactions are usually immune-mediated, it is important to distinguish them from simple skin irritation caused by friction or moisture trapped under jewelry.
Confirming and Treating an Allergy
If a reaction occurs, removing the jewelry is the first step. For mild cases, over-the-counter topical corticosteroids, like hydrocortisone cream, can reduce inflammation, pain, and itching. Oral antihistamines can also relieve itching. A cold compress can further soothe the irritated area.
For persistent or severe reactions, consulting a dermatologist is advisable. Dermatologists can perform a patch test, applying small amounts of suspected allergens to the skin, typically on the back, and observing for a reaction over several days. This helps identify the specific metal causing the allergy, allowing for targeted avoidance.
Safe Jewelry Choices
Choosing jewelry made from higher karat gold can minimize the risk of reactions, as these contain a greater percentage of pure gold and fewer alloying metals. Higher karat options like 18K or 24K gold are generally less likely to cause issues than lower karat options like 10K or 14K, which have more alloy content.
Several alternative metals are hypoallergenic and suitable for sensitive skin. These include platinum and palladium, highly pure metals that rarely cause reactions. Titanium, niobium, and surgical stainless steel are also suitable choices, known for their inertness and durability. Rhodium plating, often used on white gold, can provide a barrier between the skin and potentially allergenic base metals. Checking jewelry descriptions for alloy content and opting for nickel-free items can guide safer purchases.