While true allergies to dentures are rare, they are a possibility. Dentures are made from various materials, and an individual can react to one or more of these components. Recognizing potential symptoms is important for timely diagnosis and management.
Recognizing Allergic Reactions
An allergic reaction to dentures primarily causes localized symptoms in the mouth. Individuals might experience itching or a burning sensation in the oral tissues, particularly on the gums, lips, or inner cheeks. Redness, swelling, and soreness are also common. Some people may develop blisters or ulcers in the mouth, or notice changes in taste, sometimes described as a metallic taste.
These oral symptoms can mimic other issues, such as ill-fitting dentures, fungal infections like candidiasis, or irritation from improper cleaning, making self-diagnosis difficult. While less common, systemic symptoms can also occur in severe cases, including rashes on other parts of the body. If any of these symptoms appear after denture placement or use, a dental professional should be consulted for an accurate assessment.
Common Allergenic Materials
The primary material in most dentures that can trigger an allergic response is acrylic resin (PMMA). During the manufacturing process, not all monomer molecules convert into polymers, leaving unreacted residual monomers. These unpolymerized monomers can leach into saliva, potentially causing allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Heat-cured acrylics contain less residual monomer than cold-cure acrylics.
Other components can also be culprits. Metals used in partial denture frameworks or clasps, such as nickel, cobalt, and chromium, are known allergens. Nickel sensitivity is particularly common, affecting approximately 10% of the population. Colorants and bonding agents used in denture fabrication may also cause allergic reactions, although these instances are less frequent. The allergy is usually to a specific component rather than the entire denture material.
Confirming an Allergy
Diagnosing a denture allergy requires a dental professional. The process begins with a review of the patient’s medical history and symptoms, followed by a clinical examination. This helps to differentiate an allergy from other common denture-related problems, such as mechanical irritation from a poor fit or a fungal infection.
If an allergy is suspected, specific tests are recommended. Patch testing, performed by a dermatologist or allergist, is a standard method for identifying the specific allergenic material. During this test, small amounts of suspected allergens are applied to the skin, usually on the back, to observe for a reaction over a few days. This step helps pinpoint the exact cause.
Solutions and Alternatives
Once a denture allergy is confirmed, several solutions and alternatives are available. The most direct approach involves replacing the denture with one made from hypoallergenic materials. Nylon-based resins, such as Valplast or Lucitone FRS, are used as non-allergenic alternatives to traditional acrylic. They are monomer-free and do not contain common allergens like methyl methacrylate. These flexible thermoplastic materials are suitable for partial dentures and some complete dentures.
For individuals allergic to metals, options include dentures with non-metal clasps made from materials like acetal resin or polycarbonate. Adjusting the current denture to reduce allergen exposure, or exploring alternative prosthetic solutions like dental implants, can also be considered. Dental implants are made of titanium, which is largely biocompatible, or zirconia for those with titanium sensitivity. During the transition, over-the-counter antihistamines might offer symptomatic relief for mild reactions.