Bed bugs are small insects that feed on human blood. These reddish-brown pests, about the size of an apple seed, hide in cracks and crevices of furniture, particularly beds, emerging at night to bite. While most people experience itchy welts from bed bug bites, individuals can develop allergic reactions. This happens when the immune system reacts to specific components in the bed bug’s saliva.
How Bed Bug Bites Cause Reactions
When a bed bug bites, it injects its saliva into the skin. This saliva contains anticoagulants and anesthetics, which facilitate blood feeding by preventing clotting and numbing the bite area. The immune system recognizes these foreign components as invaders.
This recognition triggers an immune response, primarily involving the release of histamine. Histamine causes the localized itching, redness, and swelling commonly associated with bug bites. The intensity of this reaction can vary significantly among individuals; some people may show no immediate symptoms, while others develop noticeable welts. Repeated exposure to bed bug bites can lead to a more pronounced immune response, resulting in more severe allergic reactions as the body becomes sensitized to the salivary components.
Recognizing Allergic Symptoms
Allergic reactions to bed bug bites can present with symptoms beyond the typical itchy red bump. Individuals might develop large, inflamed welts. An extensive rash, such as hives, can appear, sometimes spreading beyond bite sites.
Severe itching often accompanies these reactions, leading to discomfort and sleep disturbances. Fluid-filled blisters (bullous reactions) may form at the bite locations. Rarely, systemic allergic reactions like difficulty breathing, facial or throat swelling (angioedema), or even anaphylaxis, can occur, especially with repeated exposure. These severe responses involve widespread effects like generalized hives, dizziness, or chest tightness.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention for bed bug bites when symptoms are severe or complications appear. Consult a doctor for widespread rashes, significant swelling, or difficulty breathing, as these indicate a severe allergic reaction. Signs of infection, such as increasing redness, warmth, pus, or drainage from bite sites, also warrant medical evaluation. Scratching can break the skin, creating openings for bacteria and leading to secondary infections like impetigo.
Medical professionals can diagnose and recommend treatments. Treatments might include oral antihistamines for itching and swelling, or topical corticosteroids for inflammation. In severe cases, stronger medications like prescription steroid creams or epinephrine for anaphylaxis may be necessary. While managing symptoms is important, eliminating the bed bug infestation is the most effective way to prevent further bites and reactions.