A mattress can cause an allergic reaction, though the allergy is not to the mattress itself. Reactions are triggered by substances housed within the bedding environment or released by the materials used in its construction. Since we spend one-third of our lives in bed, prolonged exposure to these substances can trigger uncomfortable, recurring symptoms. Understanding the specific source of the reaction—whether biological or chemical—is the first step toward creating a healthier sleep space.
The Major Culprit: Dust Mite Allergies
The most common biological allergen associated with mattresses is the house dust mite, a microscopic, eight-legged relative of the spider. These organisms thrive in bedding by feeding on dead skin cells shed by humans and pets. The allergic reaction is caused by inhaling proteins found in the mites’ fecal pellets and decaying body fragments. Mattresses are ideal habitats due to their dark, warm, and moisture-retaining conditions. Dust mites flourish when relative humidity is above 50%, and a single mattress can harbor millions of these creatures.
Allergic Reactions to Mattress Components
Sensitivities can also be triggered by the mattress manufacturing materials, particularly through off-gassing. Off-gassing is the release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) into the air from synthetic components like polyurethane foam, adhesives, and chemical treatments. While off-gassing is strongest when a mattress is new, low-level emissions can persist for weeks or months. Chemical sensitivities also arise from fire retardants, which are legally required and can leach slowly from the material, potentially causing respiratory or skin irritation. Furthermore, some individuals react to natural components, such as proteins in the rubber tree sap used to make latex foam.
Identifying Symptoms of Mattress Allergies
Allergies stemming from the mattress environment typically manifest as respiratory distress or dermatological issues. Respiratory symptoms often resemble a common cold, including chronic nasal congestion, a persistent runny nose, frequent sneezing, and a scratchy throat. These symptoms predictably worsen during sleep and improve shortly after leaving the bed. For those with existing conditions, dust mite exposure can significantly exacerbate asthma, leading to wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Dermatological reactions are often linked to direct contact with chemical irritants or high allergen concentrations, resulting in localized skin irritation, hives, or flare-ups of eczema or contact dermatitis.
Practical Steps for Reducing Allergens
The most effective measure for controlling biological allergens is to create a physical barrier between yourself and the dust mites. This involves using certified dust mite-proof encasements, which are tightly woven, zippered covers for the mattress, box spring, and pillows. These covers prevent existing allergens from escaping and new mites from colonizing the bedding. Several other steps can reduce allergens:
- Cleaning routines must incorporate high heat to eliminate the mites and their allergens.
- All sheets, pillowcases, and blankets should be washed weekly in hot water, reaching at least 130°F (54.4°C) to effectively kill dust mites.
- Controlling the bedroom environment is important, as dust mites cannot survive when the relative humidity is maintained below 50%.
- A dehumidifier or air conditioner can help keep the air dry, limiting the moisture the mites require to thrive.
- When purchasing a new mattress, looking for low-VOC certifications can help minimize chemical exposure.