The presence of reddish-brown water flowing from a faucet, commonly referred to as rusty water, indicates that the water contains oxidized iron particles. This discoloration often alarms people, leading them to question the safety of using it for personal hygiene. While the water is unsightly, the iron oxide itself is generally not considered a major hazard for bathing. The primary concerns associated with rusty water are aesthetic and related to plumbing system maintenance.
Understanding the Source of Rusty Water
The reddish hue in water comes from iron that has oxidized to form ferric oxide, or rust. The most frequent source is the internal corrosion of aging galvanized steel or cast iron pipes. As these pipes degrade, rust particles flake off and become suspended in the water flow.
A key step in identifying the source is determining which taps are affected. If the rusty water appears only when the hot water is turned on, the issue is likely localized to the water heater. Sediment and rust can build up inside the tank, sometimes due to a failing sacrificial anode rod. If the discoloration is present in both hot and cold water throughout the house, the problem points to either main supply line corrosion or recent disturbances in the municipal water system, such as sudden changes in water pressure.
Health and Safety Implications of Bathing
For the average user, bathing in rusty water is not an acute toxic risk because iron oxide is classified as a secondary contaminant by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This classification means the substance is regulated based on aesthetic factors like color and taste, rather than posing a direct threat to human health. The iron particles are not easily absorbed through the skin during bathing.
The high iron content does create undesirable cosmetic effects. Iron reacts with soaps and shampoos, hindering their ability to lather properly and potentially leaving a residue on the skin. This residue can lead to temporary drying, itching, or irritation, particularly for individuals with sensitive skin or conditions like eczema. A more noticeable effect is the discoloration of hair, especially lighter or chemically treated shades, which can take on a reddish or orange tint from the iron particles bonding to the strands.
While the rust itself is not toxic, its presence may signal other contaminants that pose a risk if ingested. The corrosion that causes iron rust can occur in the same older pipes that may contain lead or harbor iron-feeding bacteria. Although accidental ingestion during bathing is generally minimal, the EPA recommends limiting iron concentrations for aesthetic reasons.
Protecting Fixtures and Restoring Clarity
Addressing the issue begins with a simple flushing process to clear accumulated sediment from the lines. If the rusty water is present in both hot and cold taps, run the cold water for several minutes, starting with a lower-level faucet to draw fresh water into the system. If the issue is isolated to the hot water, flushing the water heater tank may be necessary to remove the sediment buildup.
The iron particles suspended in the water can leave stubborn, reddish-orange stains on porcelain fixtures, tile grout, and clothing. These stains can be effectively removed using mild acidic cleaners, such as white vinegar, or specialized products formulated to dissolve rust, like those containing oxalic acid.
For long-term prevention, especially if pipe corrosion is the cause, installing a whole-house water filtration system is an effective measure. These systems, often utilizing sediment or specific iron filters, remove the particles before they enter the home’s plumbing, protecting both fixtures and appliances. If flushing does not resolve the issue, or if the water heater is the source, consult a professional plumber. Persistent rusty water may indicate that corroded galvanized steel pipes need replacement or that the water heater tank is nearing the end of its lifespan.