Vaginal yeast infections (vaginal candidiasis) are common fungal infections caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, primarily Candida albicans. Normally present in the body, an imbalance can cause Candida to multiply rapidly, leading to infection. Symptoms include intense itching, burning, redness, swelling, and a thick, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge. These infections are not considered sexually transmitted infections.
Understanding Yeast Infections and Bleeding
While bleeding is not a typical symptom of a vaginal yeast infection, it can occur, especially with severe or prolonged infections. The infection triggers an immune response, causing inflammation, redness, swelling, and increased sensitivity, making vaginal tissues fragile and susceptible to damage. Intense itching, a common symptom, can lead to scratching, creating small cuts or tears. Such minor trauma to irritated tissues can result in light bleeding or spotting. Bleeding is more likely with recurrent or complicated infections, where chronic inflammation may weaken vaginal walls.
Other Reasons for Vaginal Bleeding
Vaginal bleeding outside a typical menstrual period, often called abnormal vaginal bleeding, can stem from causes beyond a yeast infection. Hormonal fluctuations are a frequent culprit, including those from birth control changes, perimenopause, or conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome. Imbalances in estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, can lead to spotting.
Infections other than yeast infections can also cause vaginal bleeding. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia and trichomoniasis, as well as bacterial vaginosis (BV), can lead to inflammation and bleeding. Certain medications, including blood thinners, or conditions affecting blood clotting can contribute to unusual bleeding. Non-cancerous growths such as uterine fibroids or polyps, and physical trauma or injury to the vaginal area, may also result in bleeding.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Any unusual vaginal bleeding, especially outside your normal menstrual period, requires medical evaluation. While light bleeding with a yeast infection might be minor, persistent or heavy bleeding could indicate a different underlying condition. Seek medical attention if bleeding is accompanied by severe pain, fever, or unusual discharge.
Immediate medical consultation is also advised for bleeding after menopause or during pregnancy. Self-diagnosis is not sufficient when bleeding is present, as symptoms of various vaginal conditions can overlap. A healthcare provider can accurately diagnose the cause and recommend appropriate treatment, ensuring proper care and ruling out more serious health issues.
Treating and Preventing Yeast Infections
Treating a yeast infection typically involves antifungal medications to eliminate Candida overgrowth. These treatments are available over-the-counter as creams, ointments, tablets, or suppositories, often for 1 to 7 days. For severe or recurrent infections, a healthcare provider might prescribe a single oral dose of fluconazole or a longer course.
Preventative measures focus on maintaining a healthy vaginal environment and reducing factors that encourage yeast overgrowth. Wearing breathable cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothing helps keep the genital area dry and prevents moisture buildup. Avoiding douches, scented feminine hygiene products, and unnecessary antibiotic use preserves the natural balance of vaginal bacteria. Managing underlying health conditions, such as diabetes, is also important for preventing recurrent infections.